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ÐÔ#†X`X»¼ËIË#ÔÓuÓÌÌà  àAs€a€voluntary€compliance€option€for€aerosol€coatings,€we€are€proposing€an€alternative€toÏthe€mass€based€volatile€organic€compound€(VOC)€limits.€€This€is€a€new€reactivity„basedÏregulation,€the€California€Low€Emissions€and€Reactivity€(CLEAR)€Regulation€for€AerosolÏCoatings.€€The€proposed€regulation€is€intended€to€provide€flexibility€to€manufacturers€by€allowingÏthem€to€choose€to€comply€with€either€the€mass„based€or€the€reactivity„based€VOC€limits.€€TheÏproposed€limits€will€achieve€equivalent€ozone€reductions,€but€allows€manufacturers€to€choose€theÏleast€costly€approach€to€compliance.€€Our€goals€through€the€CLEAR€Regulation€are€to€provideÏcompliance€flexibility€and€to€effectively€reduce€ozone€by€targeting€reductions€in€the€VOCs€thatÏhave€a€higher€potential€to€form€ozone.€€ÌÌà0  àò òÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'æúÝÚƒÚ1Ú  Ú.à0` (#(#àÝ  ÝAppropriateness€of€the€Maximum€Incremental€Reactivity€(MIR)€Scale€forÐ À ÐUse€in€the€CLEAR€Regulationó ó݃'æúÝۀیЬü` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àFor€ozone€control€strategies,€the€reactivity€scale€selected€should€be€designed€for€the€bestÏoverall€air€quality€benefit.€€If€the€conditions€are€NOòòxóó-limited€(such€as€the€Southeastern€UnitedÐ pÀ ÐStates),€then€NOòòxóó€controls€are€the€most€appropriate€strategy.€€In€NOòòxóó-rich€urban€areas,€such€as€theÐ \¬ ÐSouth€Coast€Air€Basin,€VOC€along€with€NOòòxóó€control,€is€the€best€approach€to€control€€ozone„Ð H˜ Ðformation€at€the€ground-level.€€Because€the€MIR€scale€simulates€conditions€of€NOòòxóó-rich€scenarios,Ð 4 „ Ðwhich€are€optimal€for€the€production€of€ozone,€the€MIR€scale€is€useful€for€VOC€control€strategiesÏin€California.€€ÌÌà  àDr.Carter€has€studied€18€different€ways€of€ranking€the€reactivity€of€individual€VOCs€inÏthe€atmosphere€using€a€single„cell€trajectory€model€with€the€SAPRC90€chemical€mechanismÏ(JAWMA,€1994).€€Of€the€18€scales€developed€by€Dr.Carter,€he€concludes€that€if€only€one€scale€isÏto€be€used€for€regulatory€purposes,€the€MIR€scale€is€the€most€appropriate.€€This€scale€is€optimalÏwhen€applied€to€a€wide€variety€of€conditions€where€ozone€formation€is€sensitive€to€VOCs,€such€asÏin€the€South€Coast€Air€Basin,€and€also€most€appropriate€when€reducing€the€exposure€of€integratedÏozone.€€For€these€reasons,€in€this€proposed€CLEAR€regulation,€we€are€proposing€to€use€the€MIRÏscale.Ìâ âÐ D+”&) Ðà  àThe€most€current€chemical€mechanism€is€SAPRC98.€€The€MIR€scale€derived€from€thisÏâ âmechanism€was€developed€using€a€set€of€39€Empirical€Kinetic€Modeling€Approach€(EKMA)Ïmodel€scenarios€with€different€initial€VOC/¢NOòòx£óó€ratios.€€The€MIR€scale€is€based€on€the€averageÐ ˆØ Ðconditions€of€these€39€scenarios,€of€which€four€California€metropolitan€areas€are€represented.€ÏThey€are€Los€Angeles,€Sacramento,€San€Diego,€and€San€Francisco.€€It€is€also€from€these€39Ïscenarios€in€which€the€base€case€ROG€mixture€used€for€the€MIR€scale€is€obtained.€€ÌÌà  àHowever,€as€with€any€reactivity€scale€derived€from€predictive€models,€including€the€MIRÏscale,€there€are€uncertainties€associated€with€them.€€The€majority€of€the€uncertainty€arises€from€theÏexperimental€data€and€the€uncertainty€of€the€chemical€mechanistic€reactivity.€€However,€the€MIRÏscale€is€robust€for€the€inclusion€of€the€data€accounting€for€the€VOCsðð€impacts€on€ozone€levels.€ÏThese€uncertainties€should€not€preclude€regulatory€development,€however.€€Within€the€regulation,Ïadjustment€factors€are€used€to€modify€the€estimated€MIR€value€for€VOCs€to€account€for€theÏdegree€of€uncertainty€associated€with€the€VOC.€€We€also€recognize€that€numerous€VOCs€do€notÏhave€published€MIR€values.€€In€these€cases,€using€a€methodology€developed€by€Dr.€Carter,€we€areÏable€to€calculate€upper-limit€MIR€(ULMIR)€values.€€Our€proposals€to€address€uncertainty€and€theÏmethodology€to€calculate€ULMIR€values€are€discussed€in€greater€detail€later€in€this€paper.€€ToÏfurther€refine€the€science€we€are€also€continuing€to€fund€research.ÌÌà  àAs€the€science€of€reactivity€continues€to€improve€we€acknowledge€that€amendments€to€theÏproposed€regulation€will€be€necessary€to€reflect€new€information,€such€as€changes€to€the€baseÏROG€mixture€MIR€value.€€In€fact,€our€proposed€regulation€is€based€on€improved€data€provided€byÏDr.Carter€on€August6,1998€(Update,€1998).€€The€MIR€values€published€in€Dr.Carterððs€latestÏlist€are€in€absolute€form,€such€that€the€units€are€in€grams€of€ozone€formed€per€gram€of€VOCÏemitted.€€The€base€ROG€mixture€MIR€is€3.93€g€Oòò3óó/g€VOC,€which€is€less€than€fivepercentÐ Ð  Ðdifferent€compared€to€the€1997€MIR€for€the€base€ROG€mixture.€€The€use€of€absolute€MIR€valuesÏallows€us€to€more€simply€compute€the€productððs€ozone-forming€potential.€ÌÌà  àTo€help€insure€that€we€are€utilizing€reactivity€science€appropriately€we€have€also€presentedÏour€proposals,€including€use€of€the€MIR€scale,€to€the€Reactivity€Scientific€AdvisoryÏCommittee(RSAC).€€The€members€of€RSAC€are€leading€researchers€and€renowned€scientists€inÏthe€field€of€atmospheric€research.€€ÌÌò òÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  ÝØ€Øà  àÝ‚'æOÝÚƒÚ2Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝUsing€the€MIR€Scale€to€Establish€a€Voluntary€Compliance€Option€Ýƒ'æO’ÝÛ€ÛŒÐ#l!` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àà ` àfor€Aerosol€Coatingsó óÐ $X" ÐÌà  àIn€the€Aerosol€Coating€Regulation,€total€VOC€content€is€limited€on€a€percent-by-weightÏbasis,€without€consideration€for€the€differences€in€VOC€reactivity.€€This€approach€to€controllingÏVOC€emissions€from€aerosol€coatings€continues€to€be€effective.€€However,€the€science€ofÏreactivity€now€allows€us€to€more€effectively€control€VOC€emissions€by€targeting€reductions€fromÏVOCs€that€have€a€higher€potential€to€form€ozone.€€Using€this€approach€we€believe€that€we€canÏachieve€equivalent€ozone€reductions,€as€are€¢acheived£€through€compliance€with€the€mass-basedÏregulation.€€One€analysis€conducted€by€Russell,€et€al.€showed€that€reactivity-based€regulation€canÐ h+¸&* Ðbe€more€efficient€than€the€mass-based€system€(McBride,€1997).€€Ô‡ X`XXX`ÔTo€determine€the€feasibility€of€aÐ ° Ðreactivity-based€VOC€control€strategy,€in€June€of€1996,€several€consumer€product€manufacturersÏparticipated€in€a€pilot€project.€€Results€of€the€pilot€project€indicated€that€the€performance€andÏefficacy€of€products€could€be€maintained€while€producing€less€reactive€products.Ô#†X`XX X`¤#ÔÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àSeveral€approaches€to€establishing€a€reactivity€program€were€considered.€€One€approachÏwas€to€establish€a€solvent-substitution€program.€€In€this€type€of€approach€a€manufacturer€wouldÏsupply€an€existing€mass€VOC€complying€productððs€formulation€and€total€reactivity.€€TheÏmanufacturer€would€then€provide€a€proposal€to€lower€the€productððs€reactivity€by€substituting€aÏless€reactive€solvent€for€a€higher€reactive€VOC€solvent€in€the€current€formulation.€€The€total€VOCÏcontent€could€increase€as€long€as€the€reformulated€productððs€weighted€reactivity€did€not€increase.€€ÌÌà  àHowever,€this€type€of€approach€would€only€have€merit€for€existing€products.€€ConsumerÏproducts€or€aerosol€coatings€new€to€the€market€or€products€required€to€meet€future€effectiveÏVOC€limits,€would€first€have€to€formulate€to€meet€the€mass€limits€before€applying€to€enter€thisÏtype€of€reactivity€program.€€This€would€be€cost€prohibitive€for€many€manufacturers€and€raisesÏconcerns€about€ensuring€a€level€playing€field.€€The€application€and€record-keeping€process€wouldÏpotentially€be€burdensome€to€manufacturers€and€would€likely€require€extra€resources€toÏimplement.€€ÌÌà  àTo€ensure€a€level€playing€field€for€existing€and€new€products,€establishing€reactivity€limitsÏequivalent€to€the€mass-based€VOC€limits€is€most€appropriate.€€This€provides€true€flexibility€byÏallowing€a€manufacturer€to€choose€the€compliance€option€that€is€most€cost-effective.€€ÌÌà  àBecause€future„effective€VOC€content€limits€are€being€proposed€for€aerosol€coatings,€weÏhave€the€opportunity€to€establish€voluntary€reactivity-based€VOC€limits€to€provide€a€complianceÏoption.€€Manufacturers€will€be€able€to€choose€to€comply€with€either€the€mass„based€limits€or€theÏvoluntary€CLEAR€limits.€€The€proposed€reactivity€limits€will€achieve€equivalent€reductions€inÏozone€from€aerosol€coatings€as€would€be€achieved€by€the€proposed€mass-based€limits.€€We€canÏestablish€limits€because€the€necessary€speciated€data€are€available€from€the€1997€aerosol€coatingÏsurvey.€€Based€on€these€data€and€using€the€MIR€scale,€we€can€calculate€the€overall€reactivity€of€aÏcategory.€€This€provides€the€baseline€to€determine€the€reductions€necessary.€€ÌØ€Øò òà  àÌØ€ØÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚'æ.%ÝÚƒÚ3Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝAssigning€MIR€Values€to€VOCsó ó݃'æ.%U%ÝÛ€ÛŒÐ#l!` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà  àThe€aerosol€coating€regulation€currently€contains€exemptions€for€low€reactive€VOCs,€suchÐ ô$D # Ðas€acetone,€ethane,€¢perchloroethylene£,€and€para„¢chlorobenzo£„tri„fluoride€(¢PCBTF£).€€ThisÏregulation€essentially€uses€a€reactivity€scale€of€zero€and€one€for€non„reactive€and€reactive€VOCs,Ïrespectively.€€This€is€practical€for€the€implementation€of€mass„based€regulations.€€However,€thisÏapproach€disregards€the€differences€in€VOC€reactivities.€€In€contrast€to€this€type€of€reactivityÏscale,€the€MIR€scale€allows€us€to€distinguish€each€VOC€including€Ô#†X`XX X`&#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôacetone,€by€its€characteristicÐ )à$( Ðreactivity€value.€€This€leads€to€a€more€efficient€VOC€control€strategy.€€The€low€reactive€VOCs€doÏcontribute€to€ozone€formation€once€they€are€emitted,€they€are€just€much€less€potent.€€Because€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðthis,€it€is€technically€sound€to€assign€the€negligibly€and€low€reactive€VOCs€their€appropriateÏreactivity€values€and€include€them€in€calculating€limits€and€a€productððs€overall€reactivity.€€In€factÏthe€data€show€that€the€acetone€content€in€aerosol€coatings€can€change€the€reactivity€of€a€productÏby€10percent€or€more.€€This€provides€evidence€that€the€reactivities€of€low€reactive€VOCs€shouldÏbe€considered.€€Therefore,€we€are€proposing€to€include€and€account€for€the€reactivity€of€all€VOCsÏin€the€CLEAR€Regulation.€€However,€we€believe€the€use€of€these€low€reactive€compounds€wouldÏnot€be€discouraged€in€the€CLEAR€Regulation,€because€of€their€corresponding€low€reactivityÏvalues.€€ÌÔ#†X`XX X`•(#ÔÌò òÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚'æ’,ÝÚƒÚ4Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝUncertaintyó ó݃'æ’,¹,ÝÛ€ÛŒÐü L ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àThere€are€uncertainties€associated€with€the€MIR€values€estimated€for€VOCs.€€Because€ofÏthis,€it€is€important€to€evaluate€whether€the€uncertainties€need€to€be€addressed€for€establishingÏreactivity€limits€for€aerosol€coatings.€€ÌÌà  àThe€most€recent€table€of€MIR€values,€dated€August6,1998,€includes€estimated€MIRÏvalues€for€approximately€550€VOCs.€€This€listing€represents€decadesñZñððñZñ€worth€of€scientific€researchÏwhich€has€allowed€us€to€better€understand€VOC€photochemistry.€€A€number€of€VOCs€listed€wereÏstudied€extensively€in€smog€chamber€experiments€to€serve€as€the€basis€for€our€Low€EmissionÏVehicle/Clean€Fuels€(LEV/CF)€Program.€€For€these€VOCs,€the€reaction€mechanisms€and€reactionÏrates€have€been€well-characterized€such€that€their€photochemical€reactivity€can€be€reliablyÏpredicted€for€purposes€of€regulatory€applications.€€MIR€values€for€these€VOCs€are€expected€toÏremain€stable,€and€are,€in€general,€the€most€commonly€used€VOCs€in€aerosol€coatings.€€ÌÌà  àThere€are€some€listed€VOCs€that€have€not€been€studied€extensively,€while€for€others,€veryÏlittle€data€are€available.€€For€these€VOCs,€MIR€values€are€predicted€based€on€expert€analysis€ofÏavailable€scientific€data€and€photochemical€modeling.€€Because€these€are€estimates,€however,Ïthere€is€a€degree€of€uncertainty€associated€with€the€published€MIR€value.€ÌÌà  àTo€address€uncertainty€of€VOC€MIR€values,€based€on€his€technical€expertise,€Dr.CarterÏprovided€a€numerical€ranking€to€categorize€the€uncertainty€associated€with€each€MIR€value.€€TheÏuncertainty€designations€are€ranked€from€1€to€11.€€These€rankings€are€not€intended€to€be€aÏmeasure€of€the€magnitude€of€the€uncertainty,€but€rather€are€intended€to€provide€useful€guidanceÏon€the€type€of€uncertainty€associated€with€the€MIR€value.€€These€rankings€are€shown€in€ÌTable€1.ÌÌà  àIn€his€report,€dated€August6,1998,€Dr.Carter€provided€recommendations€for€use€ofÏuncertainty€factors.€€Our€proposal€to€address€uncertainty€is€to€follow€Dr.CarterððsÏrecommendations.ÌÐ  ¤(ô#' ÐÌÓ  Óò òÔ‡ôõXX`ÔTABLE€1:€€Uncertainty€Rankings€and€Interpretationó óÐ œì ÐÌÓx5ÓÔ*wƒ5,>ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#wÔÔ,ûdd ÔÔ,}dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ  ,| „„ÐUncertaintyÏRankingÐ 'X¨" „„'ÐInterpretation€of€MIR€Value€Uncertainty€RankingsÐ F<à"  ð?1„„‰ð?‰FÐ1Ð =31´ "  ð?1 ð? =ÐConsidered€to€be€least€uncertain.Ð =3 ´   @2„„‰@‰=Ð2Ð =31 ` "  @2 @ =ÐSome€uncertainties€but€not€likely€to€change€significantly.€€Ð =3  `   @3„„‰@‰=Ð3Ð =31l ¼ "  @3 @ =ÐUncertain€but€not€likely€to€change€significantly.€€Ð =3 l ¼   @4„„‰@‰=Ð4ÌÐ =31à "  @4 @ =ÐUncertain€adjusted€mechanism€may€change€somewhat€if€refined,€but€change€not€expected€toÏbe€large.Ð =3 à   @5„„‰@‰=Ð5Ð =31ì< "  @5 @ =ÐUncertain,€may€change€if€more€studies€are€conducted€or€estimation€methods€are€updated.€ÏChange€in€MIR€is€expected€to€be€less€than€factor€of€two.€€Ð =3 ´   @6„„‰@‰=Ð6Ð =31` "  @6 @ =ÐUncertain,€may€change€if€more€studies€are€conducted€or€estimation€methods€are€updated.€ÏUncertainty€adjustments€recommended.€€Ð =3 Ø(  @7„„‰@‰=Ð7Ð =314„"  @7 @ =ÐUncertain,€expected€to€change€if€it€is€studied€more€or€estimation€methods€are€updated.€ÏUncertainty€adjustments€recommended.€€Ð =3 üL   @8„„‰ @‰=Ð8Ð =31X¨"   @8  @ =ÐReasonable€chance€that€MIR€value€significantly€incorrect.€€Uncertainty€adjustmentsÏrecommended.€€Ð =3  p  "@9„„‰"@‰=Ð9Ð =31|Ì"  "@9 "@ =ÐCurrent€mechanism€is€expected€to€or€has€been€found€to€over-predict€reactivity.Ð >4 |Ì  $@10„„‰$@‰>Ð10Ð >42Ø("  $@10 $@ >ÐCurrent€mechanism€is€expected€to€or€has€been€found€to€under-predict€reactivity.€€UncertaintyÏadjustments€recommended.€€Ð >4  ð!  &@11„„‰&@‰>Ð11Ð >42üL""  &@11 &@ >ÐProbably€incorrect,€but€biases€in€atmospheric€reactivity€predictions€are€uncertain.€ÏUncertainty€adjustments€recommended.€€Ô#†X`Xõô‡5#ÔÐ Ä$ ÐÓ*°ðXƒXŒ ¸ —X°œX*Óò òÌó óà  àIn€proposing€adjustment€factors€for€VOCs,€our€goal€is€to€have€an€uncertainty€protocol€thatÐ ¨ø% Ðis€straight-forward€and€easy€to€apply.€€The€protocol€is€also€intended€to€be€flexible€such€that€asÏadditional€VOCs€are€studied€to€reduce€uncertainty€it€is€simple€to€be€recategorized€to€a€rankingÏwhere€no€adjustment€factor€is€needed.ÌòòÌProposed€Adjustment€Factor€for€Uncertainty€Rankings€1€Through€5ÌÌóóà  àWe€are€proposing€that€an€adjustment€factor€of€one€be€applied€to€VOCs€in€uncertaintyÐ %l , Ðrankings€1€through€5.€€The€VOCs€in€categories€1€through€5€have€been€studied€extensively€andÏdata€are€available€to€indicate€that€these€MIR€values€are€stable.€€Because€of€this,€we€believe€it€isÏappropriate€to€use€the€MIR€values€in€these€rankings€without€further€adjustment€for€uncertainty.€ÏVOCs€used€in€large€percentages€in€aerosol€coatings€such€as€dimethyl€ether,€propane,€isopropanol,Ïtoluene,€xylene,€butane,€and€acetone€fall€into€this€category.€€Although€the€reactivities€of€VOCs€inÏâ âcategory€5,€such€as€higher€carbon€number€alkanes,€are€not€completely€understood,€there€is€lessÐ ¤*ô%2 Ðuncertainty€relative€to€the€higher€categories.€€The€change€in€the€MIR€value€due€to€uncertainty€isÏexpected€to€be€less€than€two€times.Ìâ âÌòòProposed€Adjustment€Factor€for€Uncertainty€Rankings€6,€7,€8,€10€and€11óó€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAs€shown€inò ò€ó óTable€1,€the€MIR€values€for€VOCs€in€uncertainty€rankings€6,€7,€8,€10€and€11Ð L œ Ðmay€change€as€they€are€studied€further€and€more€data€become€available.€€However,€we€can€notÏpredict€whether€the€VOC€is€likely€to€be€found€to€be€more€reactive,€meaning€an€increase€in€theÏMIR€value,€or€less€reactive,€meaning€a€decrease€in€the€MIR€value.€€To€ensure€that€the€ozoneÏformation€potential€of€aerosol€coatings€does€not€inadvertently€increase,€we€are€proposing€that€allÏMIR€values€in€these€categories€be€adjusted€upward.ÌÌà  àWe€are€proposing€that€for€categories€6,€7,€8,€10,€and€11,€an€uncertainty€adjustment€factorÏof€2€or€the€calculated€ULMIR,€whichever€is€higher,€be€applied€to€each€MIR€value.€€This€followsÏDr.€Carterððs€recommendation.€€To€further€evaluate€the€appropriate€adjustment€factor,€weÏevaluated€the€percent€change€in€all€published€MIR€values€between€1991€and€1997.€€ThisÏevaluation€showed€that€only€a€small€number€of€MIR€values€changed€more€than€two-fold€betweenÏthese€years.€€We€have€also€reviewed€scientific€literature€regarding€MIR€value€uncertainty€analyses.€ÏIn€one€study€that€analyzed€estimated€MIR€values€to€determine€their€degree€of€uncertainty,€it€wasÏfound€that€uncertainties€in€the€reactivities€ranged€from€about€30percent€to€about€70percent€ofÏmean€estimates€(ES&T,€1995).€€In€another€paper,€for€most€compounds€investigated,€MIR€valueÏuncertainties€ranged€from€30percent€to€50percent€of€the€mean€MIR€values€(Science,€1995).€ÏThese€two€studies€provide€further€evidence€that€a€factor€of€two€results€in€an€appropriate€aÏCLEAR€Program€that€is€defensible.€€This€proposal€is€consistent€with€the€recommendation€ofÏDr.Carter.ÌÌòòProposed€Adjustment€Factor€for€Uncertainty€Ranking€9Ð ¬ü ÐóóÌà  àFor€VOCs€in€uncertainty€category€9,€we€are€proposing€that€an€adjustment€factor€of€1€beÏapplied.€€As€shown€in€Table€1,€it€has€been€determined€through€additional€research€that€theÏreactivity€of€VOCs€in€rank€9€has€been€overpredicted.€€Hence,€the€published€MIR€value€would€notÏincrease,€but€rather€will€likely€be€reduced€if€further€studied.€€Using€the€currently€published€MIRÏvalue€will€provide€the€necessary€buffer€to€ensure€no€ozone€¢disbenefit£.ÌÌà  àWe€have€evaluated€the€1997€aerosol€coating€survey€data€and€have€determined€that€aboutÏ98percent€of€the€inventory€is€comprised€of€VOCs€that€are€well-characterized€and€fall€intoÏrankings€1-5.€€Because€the€adjustment€factor€of€2€would€apply€to€a€very€small€minority€of€theÏinventory,€there€is€virtually€no€impact€on€overall€reactivity.€€However,€the€adjustment€is€€necessaryÏto€ensure€that€use€of€VOCs€with€uncertain€or€unknown€MIR€values€would€not€inadvertently€leadÏto€increases€in€ozone€formation.€€ÌÐ  ”)ä$( ÐÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  Ýò òà  àÝ‚'ælQÝÚƒÚ5Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝòòHydrocarbon€Solvent€Binsóóó ó݃'ælQ–QÝۀیа` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àHydrocarbon€solvents€are€a€diverse€product€group.€€Typical€hydrocarbon€solvents€areÏmineral€spirits,€also€called€Stoddard€solvent,€VM&P€naphtha,€and€naphtha.€€These€solvents€areÏnot€composed€of€a€single€chemical€component,€but€rather€many€hydrocarbon€constituents.€€TheyÏare€produced€from€the€fractionation€of€a€broader€distillation€range€petroleum€stream.€€Thus,Ïdistillation€range,€or€boiling€range,€is€a€primary€parameter€for€characterizing€hydrocarbonÏsolvents.€€Hydrocarbon€solvents€often€contain€hydrocarbons€that€differ€both€in€structure€(i.e.,Ïparaffin,€aromatic,€etc.)€and€in€the€number€of€carbon€atoms.€€Composition€of€hydrocarbonÏsolvents€is€determined€by€the€type€of€refining€process.€ò òÐ ü L  Ðó óÌà  àChemical€composition€and€volatility€(i.e.,€distillation€range€or€carbon€number)€are€keyÏinputs€to€assigning€accurate€photochemical€reactivity€values.€€Chemical€Abstracts€Service€(CAS)Ïnumbers€are€not€suitable€for€assigning€MIR€values€to€hydrocarbon€solvents€because€these€numbersÏare€established€using€only€the€last€refining€step€and€the€productððs€distillation/carbon€number€range.€ÏHence,€compositional€differences€(e.g.,€aromatic€content)€are€not€defined€by€these€numbers.€€ÌÌà  àBecause€CAS€numbers€can€not€be€used€to€accurately€assign€MIR€values,€we€are€proposingÏto€ð ðbinðð€hydrocarbons€of€similar€volatility€and€general€composition€and€assign€an€MIR€value€toÏeach€bin.€€Characteristics€we€have€considered€in€proposing€these€bins€include€boiling€range,Ïaromatic€content,€and€paraffin€content€(for€products€greater€than€70percent€alkane).€€OurÏproposal€is€shown€in€Table2.€€In€general,€the€hydrocarbon€solvents€that€fall€into€these€proposedÏbins€generally€would€meet€this€definition:ÌÌà0  àà8` (#(#àà Œ àAliphatic€hydrocarbon€solvents€are€predominantly€saturatedÏhydrocarbons€that€contain€no€more€than€25weightpercent€aromatics€andÏ2weightpercent€olefins.€€Cycloparafinnic€content€is€limited€to€less€thatÏ70weightpercent€of€the€total€hydrocarbon€and€normal€paraffins€are€limitedÏto€less€that€30weightpercent€of€the€total€hydrocarbon.€€Note€that€we€areÏproposing€to€establish€separate€bins€for€hydrocarbon€solvents€withÏcompositions€of€greater€than€90percent€isoalkanes,€cycloalkanes,€orÏnormalalkanes.€€Separate€bins€are€also€proposed€for€aromatic€hydrocarbonÏsolvents.€€Also€note€that€some€hydrocarbon€solvents€will€be€assignedÏspecific€MIR€values€(such€as€hexane)€and€will€not€be€binned.Ð ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àBoiling€range€is€a€key€property€of€hydrocarbon€solvents.€€Because€each€hydrocarbonÏconstituent€of€the€solvent€boils€at€a€specific€temperature,€we€can€use€this€to€determine€the€carbonÏnumber€of€the€hydrocarbons€present.€€For€example€alkanes€of€six€or€seven€carbons€boil€at€lowerÏtemperatures€(Ô% €& Ôð ð100-240ð$ðF)€than€would€alkanes€of€eight€or€nine€carbon€length€(ð ð240-310ð$ðF).Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àIt€is€also€important€to€consider€aromatic€content,€because,€in€general,€these€types€ofÏâ âcompounds€are€most€reactive.€€As€an€example,€normal€heptane,€and€the€aromatic€VOC€toluene,Ð |*Ì%) Ðboth€have€seven€carbon€atoms.€€However,€toluene€is€almost€three€times€more€reactive€than€normalÏheptane.Ìâ âÌà  àOur€other€criterion€for€establishing€bins,€paraffin€(alkane)€content€is€important€because€theÏstructure€of€alkanes€also€contributes€to€reactivity.€€For€example,€alkanes€may€contain€the€sameÏnumber€of€carbon€atoms,€but€if€the€carbons€are€branched€rather€than€a€straight€chain,€the€alkane€isÏmore€reactive.€€The€cyclic€alkanes€are,€in€general,€even€more€reactive€than€the€branched€alkanes.€ÏAs€an€example,€the€MIR€values€for€normal€(straight€chain),€isoalkanes€(branched€alkanes),€andÏcycloalkanes€each€with€six€carbon€atom€are€1.69,€1.76,€and€1.96€respectively.ÌÌà  àTo€estimate€MIR€values€for€each€bin€we€relied€upon€compositional€data€supplied€by€rawÏmaterial€suppliers.€€Using€these€data€we€are€able€to€establish€a€composite€weighted€MIR€value€forÏhydrocarbon€solvents€with€similar€properties.ÌÌà  àWe€are€proposing€that€in€any€bin,€an€aromatic€content€of€two€percent€or€less€would€beÏconsidered€to€contain€no€aromatics.€€Hence,€the€MIR€value€for€solvents€with€less€than€2percentÏaromatics€would€be€based€solely€on€the€productððs€alkane€content€and€boiling€range.€€For€solventsÏcontaining€both€aromatics€and€alkanes,€bins€established€by€boiling€range€would€be€subdividedÏbased€on€aromatic€content€(at€increments€of€5percent).€€The€aromatic€content€with€eachÏð ðsub-binðð€is€assumed€to€be€the€highest€percent€within€the€range€specified€for€that€bin.€€ForÏexample,€a€sub-bin€of€5percent€to€less€than€10percent€would€be€assumed€to€contain€10percentÏaromatics€and€this€value€would€be€used€to€calculate€the€aromatic€content€MIR.ÌÌà  àTo€arrive€at€the€total€MIR€of€each€bin,€the€MIR€of€the€aromatic€fraction€is€added€to€theÏMIR€of€the€alkane€content€to€obtain€the€total€weighted€MIR.€€The€MIR€values€for€each€proposedÏbin€is€included€in€the€Table€of€Specific€MIR€values€in€the€CLEAR€Regulation€section€94533(d).€ÏWe€are€also€proposing€that€no€further€uncertainty€adjustment€factor€be€added€to€the€MIR€valueÏfor€each€bin.€€This€is€consistent€with€the€recommendations€of€Dr.€Carter.€€The€proposed€bins€areÏas€follows:ÌÌÝ‚P‡¦ÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚P‡¦3gÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝProposed€ððBin1',€boiling€range€100-240ð$ðF,€includes€solvents€with€constituentÐ X ¨ Ðhydrocarbons€with€typically€6€or€7€number€of€carbons.݃P‡¦3gZg݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚P‡¦ÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚P‡¦`hÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝProposed€ððBin2',€boiling€range€240-310ð$ðF,€includes€solvents€with€constituentÐ 0"€  Ðhydrocarbons€with€typically€8€or9€number€of€carbons.݃P‡¦`h‡h݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚P‡¦ÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚P‡¦iÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝProposed€ððBin3',€boiling€range€310-415ð$ðF,€includes€solvents€with€constituentÐ $X" Ðhydrocarbons€with€typically€9,€10,11,€or€12€number€of€carbons.݃P‡¦i´i݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚P‡¦ÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚P‡¦ÄjÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝProposed€ððBin4',€boiling€range€415-600ð$ðF,€includes€solvents€with€constituentÐ à%0!$ Ðhydrocarbons€with€more€than€12€number€of€carbons.݃P‡¦Äjëj݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÌà  à€Any€changes€to€the€MIR€value€for€any€hydrocarbon€solvent€bin€would€be€proposedÏthrough€a€full€public€process.€€To€assist€manufacturers€and€formulators€to€select€the€appropriateÏsolvent€based€on€its€MIR€value,€raw€material€suppliers€have€voluntarily€agreed€to€include€BinÏassignments€on€their€product€information€sheets€for€hydrocarbon€solvents.Ð h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óò òÓ  ÓÔ‡ôõXX`ÔÔ‡ôõõôÔTABLE€2:€€PROPOSED€DRAFT€APPROACH€FOR€ASSIGNING€Ð ° ÐMIR€VALUES€TO€HYDROCARBON€SOLVENTS*Ô#†X`Xõôm#ÔÐ xÈ ÐÌó óÓumÓòòÔ*lƒ,'Yd dûdd }dd 5,>°(#°(#lÔÔ,Üdd ÔÔ,édd ÔÔ,A dd ÔÔ,rdd ‚ÔÔ+  ÔÐ &€=== ,| €€‚0‚&ÐÔ‡ôõXX`ÔBinÔ#†ôõõô®m#ÔÔ‡ôõõôÔÐ )€==\¬=== )ÐBoiling€Range€(degrees€F)óóÔ#†ôõõôÑo#ÔÔ‡ôõõôÔÐ )€==\¬== 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@6.0„„ˆ‚ˆ‰@‰EÐ6.0Ô#† X`Xõ ôc‘#ÔÐTJH\)¬$“"‚ @6.0   # @ TÐÔ‡ &ñg %X X`Ô*Please€note€that€these€proposed€bins€do€not€represent€all€hydrocarbon€solvents.€€Some€compounds€will€beÐ <*Œ%“ Ðnamed€in€the€Table€of€MIR€Values€and€will€have€a€specific€value€assigned.Ô#†&ñg % % &ñgÙp#ÔÔ#†X`X %&ñgë•#ÔÐ +h&” ÐÐ ô+D'• Ðò òÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚'æD—ÝÚƒÚ6Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝUpper€Limit€MIR€Calculationsó ó݃'æD—k—Ýۀیа` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔñYñà  àWe€are€proposing€a€methodology€to€calculate€the€ULMIR€of€VOCs€that€do€not€have€aÐ à Ðpublished€MIR€value.€€This€methodology€is€a€simplified€model€developed€by€Dr.€Carter€and€hasÏundergone€peer€review€by€the€RSAC.€€The€method€is€based€on€laboratory€and€modelingÏexperiments€on€all€reactivities€for€the€VOCs€that€have€been€studied.€€ÌÌà  àFor€calculating€ULMIRs€the€upper€limits€of€kinetic€reactivity€and€mechanistic€reactivityÏare€used€ñYñÔ#†X`XX X`+˜#ÔñYñ(Carter,€July€16,€1997)ñYñÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔñYñ.Ô% €C Ô€€Kinetic€reactivity€is€the€fraction€of€emitted€VOC€which€reactsÐ 0 € Ðduring€the€episode.€€Mechanistic€reactivity€is€the€amount€of€ozone€formed€per€molecule€of€VOCÏwhich€reacts.€ÌÌà  àEach€ULMIR€would€be€calculated€based€on€the€equations€shown€in€Figure€1.€€Because€anÏULMIR€infers€the€highest€reactivity€for€a€given€VOC,€we€are€proposing€that€no€additionalÏuncertainty€adjustment€factor€be€applied€to€any€calculated€ULMIR.€€Each€ULMIR€calculated€willÏbe€included€in€the€Table€of€Specific€MIR€Values€in€proposed€section€94533(d)€in€the€CLEARÏRegulation.Ô‡ ¼ ¨»X X8òÔñYññYñÔ#†X`XX X`oš#Ôà  àWe€are€proposing€to€use€the€Upper„Limit€MIR€methodology,€as€developed€by€Dr.€Carter,Ð ˆØ Ðto€calculate€the€¢ULMIR£€for€VOCs€that€do€not€have€published€MIR€values.€€This€methodology€is€aÏsimplified€model€based€on€the€MIR€scale.€€The€basic€framework,€except€for€the€latest€August€6,Ï1998,€update,€has€undergone€peer€review€by€the€¢RSAC£.€€The€Upper„Limit€MIR€methodology€isÏbased€on€empirical€results€of€tested€VOCs€and€reflects€our€best€of€knowledge€on€the€accuracy€ofÏthe€science€of€incremental€reactivity.€€ÌÌà  àFor€the€calculation€of€the€¢ULMIRS£€the€upper„limit€kinetic€reactivity€is€multiplied€by€itsÏmechanistic€reactivity€(Carter,€1997;€Update,€1998).€€The€kinetic€reactivity€is€the€fraction€ofÏemitted€VOC€which€reacts€during€the€episode.€€The€mechanistic€reactivity€is€the€amount€of€ozoneÏformed€per€molecule€of€VOC€reacted.€€For€the€purposes€of€the€calculation€for€¢ULMIRs£,€theÏmechanistic€reactivity€is€the€minimum€of€the€VOCððs€photo„¢degradability£;€the€function€of€theÏnumber€of€carbons€in€the€VOC;€the€function€of€the€VOC„OH€reaction€rate€constant€and€class€ofÏVOC;€or€32€or€35€depending€upon€photo„¢degradability£.€€ÌÌà  àEach€¢ULMIR£€would€be€calculated€based€on€the€equations€shown€in€ñYññ_ññYñò òñYññ_ññYñFigure€ñYññ`ññYñXñYññ`ññañ1ñaññ_ññYñó óñYññ_ññYñ.€€Because€anÏ¢ULMIR£€infers€the€highest€reactivity€for€a€given€VOC,€we€are€proposing€that€no€additionalÏuncertainty€adjustment€factor€be€applied€to€any€calculated€¢ULMIR£.€€Each€¢ULMIR£€calculated€willÏbe€included€in€the€Table€of€Specific€MIR€Values€in€proposed€section€94533(d)€in€the€CLEARÏRegulation.€ñYññ^ññYñ€ñYññ^ññYñò òñYññ^ññYñAppendix€XXñYññ^ññYñó óñYññ^ññYñ€contains€examples€of€how€¢ULMIRs£€are€calculated.€€ñYññ^ññYñÔ‡¼ËI»XX`ÔÔ‡ ¼ËI»»¼ËIÔñYñÐ  \ ÐÓ  Óò òFigure€1:€€Calculation€of€Upper€Limit€MIRs€(ULMIRs)ó óÔ#† X`X» ¼ËIH¤#ÔÐ ° ÐÌTo€calculate€the€ULMIR€for€a€VOC€for€which€an€MIR€value€is€not€available,€the€followingÏequations€are€used:Ìà  àULMIR€=€Kinetic€reactivity€X€Mechanistic€Reactivity,Ìà  àà ` àwhere:Ìà  àà ` àà Œ àULMIR€is€in€units€of€g€Oòò3€óóformed/€g€VOC€emitted,€€Ð ` ° Ðà  àà ` àà Œ àKinetic€reactivity€is€the€fraction€of€VOC€reacting€(unitless),€and€Ìà  àà ` àà Œ àMechanistic€reactivity€is€g€Oòò3óó€formed/€g€VOC€reacting.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌKinetic€Reactivity€=€1„€exp„Integrated€Reaction€Rate€€Ìà  àà ` à€€€€€€=€1€„€expÔ‡ •„– •X X`Ôòòòò(„effective€KOH€X€EffIntOH)óóóóÐ üL  ÐÌÔ#† X`X • •„––§#Ôà0  àWhere€the€Integrated€Reaction€Rate€takes€into€account€VOC€photolysis€and€reactions€withÐ ˆØ  ÐOòòòò3óóóó€and€OH€and€NOòòòò3€óóóóradicals,€and€can€be€represented€by€the€product€of€effective€kOH€rateÐ tÄ  Ðconstant€and€EffIntOH,€which€is€the€effective€integrated€OH€radical€levelsÐ (#(# ÐÌTo€calculate€MIR€Kinetic€Reactivity€(KR):ÌÌà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbª©Ýððà0 ` àÝ  ÝIf€effective€kOH€not€known,€use€maximum€of€1;݃1ûbª©Å©ÝŒÐ`` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûboªÝððà0 ` àÝ  ÝIf€kOH€is€estimated,€increase€estimated€kOH€by€factor€of€2.€Ýƒ1ûboªŠªÝŒÐüL` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌTo€calculate€MIR€Mechanistic€Reactivity€(MR):Ìa)à  àFor€Photoreactive€compounds,€use€minimum€of:Ð À Ðà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbÁ«Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý35;€or݃1ûbÁ«Ü«ÝŒÐ¬ü` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûb_¬Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý11€times€number€of€carbons.݃1ûb_¬z¬ÝŒÐ˜è` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌb)à  àFor€Alkanes,€Alcohols,€Ethers,€Glycols,€Glycol€Ethers,€use€minimum€of€:Ð pÀ Ðà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûb}­Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý32݃1ûb}­˜­ÝŒÐ\¬` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûb®Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý6€times€number€of€carbons;€or݃1ûb®2®ÝŒÐH˜` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbÌ®Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý26.9€„€14.8€X€exp€(3.3€X€10òòòò10óóóó€X€kOH)݃1ûbÌ®ç®ÝŒÐ4 „` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌc)à  àFor€Esters,€Ester€Alcohols,€Ester€Ethers,€use€minimum€of:Ð  "\  Ðà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbñ¯Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý32݃1ûbñ¯ °ÝŒÐø"H!` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûb‹°Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý6€times€number€of€carbons;€or€Ýƒ1ûb‹°¦°ÝŒÐä#4"` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbA±Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý37.9€„€21.6€X€exp€(„3.2€X€10òòòò10óóóó€X€kOH)݃1ûbA±\±ÝŒÐÐ$ #` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌd)à  àFor€all€other€VOCs,€use€minimum€of:Ð ¨&ø!% Ðà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbQ²Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý32;€or݃1ûbQ²l²ÝŒÐ”'ä"&` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚1ûbÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚1ûbï²Ýððà0 ` àÝ  Ý6€times€number€of€carbons.€Ýƒ1ûbï² ³ÝŒÐ€(Ð#'` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÔ#†X`XX X`g¤#ÔÌñbñÐ  D+”&* ÐñbñÌò òÝ‚'æÿÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚'æÞ³ÝÚƒÚ7Ú  Ú.à0 ` àÝ  ÝProposed€Methodologies€to€Calculate€CLEAR€Limitsó óÔ‡ X`XXX`Ô݃'æÞ³´ÝۀیМì` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àWe€are€proposing€two€approaches€to€establish€CLEAR€Limits.€€In€general,€the€methodÏchosen€to€calculate€a€limit€for€a€given€aerosol€coating€category€is€related€to€the€number€ofÏproducts€that€are€currently€able€to€comply€with€the€proposed€mass„based€limits.€€In€instancesÏwhere€not€all€products€comply€with€the€mass€limits€we€propose€to€use€the€ð ðpercent€reductionððÏapproach.€€In€other€specialty€categories€where€the€complying€marketshare€is€100percent,€we€areÏproposing€to€use€the€ð ðcomplying€products€approach.ðð€€Both€of€these€methodologies€will€result€inÏa€limit€equivalent€to€the€proposed€mass-based€limit.€€These€two€methodologies€are€explainedÏbelow.€€It€should€be€noted€that€these€two€methodologies€are€appropriate€for€establishing€voluntaryÏCLEAR€limits€for€aerosol€coatings,€but€may€not€be€applicable€to€other€source€categories.€€ÌÌòòPercent€Reduction€MethodóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€percent€reduction€is€proposed€as€the€method€to€calculate€CLEAR€limits€when€not€allÏproducts€are€able€to€comply€with€the€proposed€mass-based€VOC€limit.€€To€calculate€a€CLEARÏlimit€using€this€method,€step€one€is€to€determine€the€percent€reduction€in€mass.€€For€example,€ifÏthe€sales€weighted€average€(SWA)€VOC€content€is€60percent€for€a€category,€and€the€proposedÏlimit€is€45percent,€the€percent€reduction€in€mass€is€25percent.€€This€same€percentage(25),€is€thenÏapplied€to€the€SWA€MIR€of€all€products€in€the€category.€€Hence€the€CLEAR€limit€would€be€set€atÏa€reactivity€that€is€25percent€less€than€the€SWAMIR€content.€€We€believe€this€approach€isÏappropriate€because€the€products€that€are€able€to€comply€with€the€mass-based€limit€may€not€beÏrepresentative€of€all€products€in€the€category.€€Hence,€using€the€SWAMIR€of€the€complyingÏproducts€is€not€appropriate.ÌÌà  àWe€are€proposing€to€use€the€percent€reduction€method€for€the€following€categories:ÌÌÓ6°,XƒXŒ ¸ —X°ðXƒXŒ ¸ —X6Óà0  àà0` (#(#àFlat€Paints€à  àà h àà À àà0` (#` (#àÔ#†X`XX X`|´#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔArt€Fixatives€and€SealantsЀÐ(#(# Ðà0  àà ` àNonflat€PaintsÔ#†X`XX X`½#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ô€à0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àAuto€Body€PrimersÔ#†X`XX X`»½#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà0 (#(#àà0x (# (#àà0Ð x(#x(#àÔ#†X`XX X`K¾#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔÐl¼Ð (#Ð (# Ðà  àà ` àFluorescent€Coatingsà h àà0 À àà0À(#À(#àMarine€Spar€FinishÐX ¨(#(# Ðà  àà ` àMetallic€Coatingsà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àSpatter/Multicolor€CoatingsÐD!”(#(# Ðà  àà ` àClear€CoatingsÔ#†X`XX X`ɾ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àVinyl/Fabric/Leather/PolycarbonateÐ0"€ (#(# Ðà  àà ` àPrimersà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àWeld-thru€PrimersÐ#l!(#(# Ðà  àà ` àFloral€SpraysÔ#†X`XX X`pÀ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà0  àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àGround€Traffic/Marking€CoatingsÔ#†X`XX X`ãÁ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔÐ$X"(#(# Ðà  àà ` àPhotographic€Coatingsà0 À àà0À(#À(#àGlass€CoatingsÐô$D #(#(# Ðà  àà ` àHobby/Model/Craft€Coatings-Enamel,€Lacquer,€Clear€or€MetallicÌà  àà ` àWood€Touch-up,€Repair€or€Restoration€CoatingsÌà  àà ` àAutomotive€Bumper€and€Trim€ProductsÌÔ#†X`XX X`ŒÂ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà  àà ` àExact€Match€Finishes€„€Engine€Enamel,€Automotive,Ô#†X`XX X`AÄ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ô€and€IndustrialÔ#†X`XX X`ÌÄ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àCorrosion€Resistant€Brass,€Bronze,€or€Copper€CoatingsÌÐ  |*Ì%) ÐòòComplying€Products€MethodóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àFor€the€other€specialty€categories€of€aerosol€coatings,€we€are€proposing€to€use€theÏð ðcomplying€productsðð€method.€€In€these€coating€categories€all€products€are€able€to€comply€withÏthe€proposed€mass-based€VOC€limits.€€Hence,€the€percent€reduction€method€can€not€be€used.€ÏUsing€this€method,€the€CLEAR€limit€becomes€the€SWAMIR€of€all€the€products.ÌÌà  àà ` àAviation€or€Marine€PrimersÌà  àà ` àAviation€Propellor€CoatingsÌà  àà ` àWood€StainsÌà  àà ` àWebbing/Veil€CoatingsÌà  àà ` àSlip-Resistant€CoatingsÌÔ#†X`XX X`Å#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ôà  àà ` àPleasure€CraftÔ#†X`XX X`bÈ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ô€TopcoatsÐ À  Ðà  àà ` àPleasure€CraftÔ#†X`XX X`ÊÈ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`Ô€Ô#†X`XX X`PÉ#ÔÔ‡ X`XXX`ÔFinish€Primers,€Surfacers€or€UndercoatersÐ ¬ü  Ðà  àà ` àShellac€Sealers-Clear€and€PigmentedÌÔ#†X`XX X`“É#ÔÌò òREFERENCESÐ pÀ Ðó óÌCarter,€¢W.P.L.£,€Development€of€Ozone€Reactivity€Scales€for€Volatile€Organic€Compounds.€ÏJournal€of€Air€and€Waste€Management€Association.€ò ò44ó ó,€881.€€1994.€€(¢JAWMA£,€19Ô% € Ô94)Ð 4„ ÐÌCarter,€W.€P.€L.,€€òòEstimation€of€Upper€Limit€Maximum€Incremental€Reactivities€of€VOCs.óó€Ð ` ÐStatewide€Air€Pollution€Research€Center€and€College€of€Engineering.€€Center€for€EnvironmentalÏResearch€and€Technology.€€University€of€California,€Riverside.€€(Carter,€1997).ÌÌCarter,€¢W.P.L.£,€òòUpdated€Maximum€Incremental€Reactivity€Scale€for€Regulatory€Applicationsóó.€Ð À ÐPreliminary€Report€to€California€Air€Resources€Board.€€Contract€No.€95„308.€€August€6,€1998.€Ï(Update,€1998)ÌÌMcBride,€S.J.,€¢Oravetz£,€M.A.€and€Russell,€A.G.,€òòCost€Benefit€and€Uncertainty€Issues€In€UsingÐ pÀ 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