WPC ͯa{ 2|M]7 /4'68ݎ)$,pL{Ūi$}c;F-) #XYBUr.(qB?1e'#t̞x5(+X|l7!J"?RR63hVo ۬Y 5XzsCr/3hQ'Ѹ/fLͽpJ8I؇E~OWAN3O =Z*)'O+ºwȌ]K;; *Q~£v^e \OTgH2/Kn )rBTp+$];p BI~ha=f3'ļbWSMY ߇ ;o=Yuո A@ ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial{2--"System-'-- C>Arial1-Arial2--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f< !f> !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  'm ColorsSculptured Dialog BoxesVertiWPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerExcel.Sheet.5Pࡱ;   !"#$%&Root EntryFM@Ole Book CompObj^ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Excel 5.0 WorksheetBiff5Excel.Sheet.5ࡱ; ࡱ;   B@!=xZ$e9X@"1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial"$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\)"$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\) "$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\)%""$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\)5*2_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_),))_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)=,:_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)4+1_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)                + ) , *  " " #   " ! #  Example 2 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 Sheet7 Sheet8 wSheet9_Sheet10GSheet11/Sheet12Sheet13Sheet14Sheet15Sheet16    dMbP?_*+%MHP LaserJet IIIVWSHH497.PPT  DLg ,,$$DXd$Y"d,,??U} } $ }  } }  "/JJ7 7 7  \  :M C\\AXҋGt]S F'5-Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages Nonhandheld:HC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  A(@j@ @@_@$tADDD@JA  DD B"@j@@@o@$e}ADDDЈðA DD C &@@ @@_@$ v@A D D D   @vA  D D  D .@@$@@o@$ wA D D D    ZA D D    Total! %A % V- ! A  % V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)  =zzz'@EL* D D g/bhp-hr HandheldHC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  EF@j@@I@$SADDDtҪA DD FD@j@?I@$3ADDDׇA DD GR@@@r@$`FADDD̿A DD HK@@@r@$*aADDDA DD Total!gqA! %V-! A %V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)0 Q0iwxb,iw!/ !=!F1bJ@  DD!g/bhp-hrX> "     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >  ࡱ; BOlePartOlePres000(#S;;# m    C> ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial{2--"System-'-- C>Arial1-Arial2--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f< !f> !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  'm ColorsSculptured Dialog BoxesVertiࡱ;  METAFILEPICTS;)#S;; m    C> ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial{2--"System-'-- C>Arial1-Arial2--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f< !f> !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  'm ColorsSculptured Dialog BoxesVerti*OLE*WPC'$nD~$nD~9!$nD~#ƚS     C> ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial4--"System-'-- C>Arialk3-Arial4--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f !f--'--  v=f  !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  '    * < NWPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerExcel.Sheet.5Pࡱ;   !"#$%&Root EntryF;N@Ole Book CompObj^ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Excel 5.0 WorksheetBiff5Excel.Sheet.5ࡱ; ࡱ;   B@!=xZ$e9X@"1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial"$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\)"$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\) "$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\)%""$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\)5*2_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_),))_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)=,:_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)4+1_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)                + ) , *  " " #   " ! #  Example 2 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 Sheet7 Sheet8 wSheet9_Sheet10GSheet11/Sheet12Sheet13Sheet14Sheet15Sheet16    dMbP?_*+%MHP LaserJet IIIVWSHH497.PPT  DLg ,,$$DXd$Y"d,,??U} } $ }  } }  "/JJ7 7 7  \  :M C\\AXҋGt]  F'5-Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages Nonhandheld:HC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  A(@j@ @@_@$tADDD@JA  DD B"@j@@@o@$e}ADDDЈðA DD C &@@ @@_@$ v@A D D D   @vA  D D  D .@@$@@o@$ wA D D D    ZA D D    Total! %A % V- ! A  % V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)  =zzz'@EL* D D g/bhp-hr HandheldHC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  EF@j@@I@$SADDDtҪA DD FD@j@?I@$3ADDDׇA DD GR@@@r@$`FADDD̿A DD HK@@@r@$*aADDDA DD Total!gqA! %V-! A %V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)0 Q0iwxb,iw!/ !=!F1bJ@  DD!g/bhp-hrX>  "     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >  ࡱ; BOlePartOlePres000#S;;#     C> ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial4--"System-'-- C>Arialk3-Arial4--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f !f--'--  v=f  !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  '    * < Nࡱ METAFILEPICTS;)#S;;     C> ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C>-  ->- !>-C- !C-'- C> ->- !=-"">- !="-33>- !=3-DD>- !=D-UU>- !=U-ff>- !=f-ww>- !=w->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-!!>- !=!-22>- !=2-CC>- !=C-TT>- !=T-ee>- !=e-vv>- !=v->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=->- !=-  >- != -11>- !=1-BB>- !=B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-=C=- !B=-'- C>Arial4--"System-'-- C>Arialk3-Arial4--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E !E--'--  U=E  !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xz218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 z312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 z250000002  3750000002 .Total2 z803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f !f--'--  v=f  !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    --'--  C> 2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 90000002  4860000002 .Total2 z182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C>   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  '    * < N  <@   ffffff%@ fffff4@ ffffff$@  ? @ @ '@ 9@ *@ dTable_A&0 d d dTable_BTable_CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5$&*OLE*WPC''>'>9!'>ƚP     ! ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' !-  -- !-!- !!-'- ! -- !-""- !"-33- !3-DD- !D-UU- !U-ff- !f-ww- !w-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-!!- !!-22- !2-CC- !C-TT- !T-ee- !e-vv- !v-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-  - ! -@!@- ! @-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -N!N- ! N-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -'- !Arial?)--"System-'-- !Arial(-Arial0--    !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! !--'--    2 RExample 1: Deterioration Factors, Certification Values and Family Emission Limits       --'--  !--'--  !--'--  !- 2 4Engine 1 2 4\Hours   !4M !4O 2 4HC+NOx   2 Ej0 2 E:8.3 2 Vf60 2 V:9.5 2 gc125 2 g311.32 C Best Fit Line  2 y= 2 mx+b  2 y=2 0.024051 2 x+2 W8.216844 2 rsq=2 0.9915832 C Calculated 2 C zero hour= 2 8.222 C Calculated 2 C end of life=2 11.222 "C Calculated DF   2 "= Arial-   !" !" !"M !"O (2 "Calculated end of life -  !3 !3 !3M !3O %2 3Calculated zero hour  2 U= 2 U1.372 Engine 2 2 \Hours   !M !O 2 HC+NOx   2 j0 2 :8.4-2 J Certification 2 jValue= -  ! ! ! ! !M !O 92 !Calculated DF*Engine 2(Zero Hour)     2 =2 11.47  !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! ! 2 SThe Family Emission Level must be equal to or greater than the Certification Value.     -  '؉FFPD5~tFHPtuV!Q5,E%( $ Figure  1  WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerExcel.Sheet.5Hࡱ;   !"Root EntryFТ/.Ole Book CompObj^ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Excel 5.0 WorksheetBiff5Excel.Sheet.5ࡱ; ࡱ;   B@=xZ$e9X@"1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial"$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\)"$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\) "$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\)%""$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\)5*2_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_),))_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)=,:_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)4+1_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)                + ) , *  #   "   # " #    Example 1 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 vSheet7 ^Sheet8 FSheet9.Sheet10Sheet11Sheet12Sheet13Sheet14Sheet15Sheet16    dMbP?_*+%&AMHP LaserJet IIIVWSHH497.PPT  DLg,,$$DXd$Y"d,,??U}  } $ }  <  onaLmi Emi  \  :MC\\AXҋG4W< FZRExample 1: Deterioration Factors, Certification Values and Family Emission LimitsEngine 1 Hours HC+NOx ~  ~ @ ~ N@ ~ #@ ~ @_@ ~ @  Best Fit Line y= mx+b  y=, ?ޠ?%%$ B1 x+' e8o @ eeA7 rsq=' Qշ/ ? eeA9   Calculated    zero hour= e8o @D   Calculated end of life=#Lr&@  D }D  Calculated DF =Calculated end of life Calculated zero hour  =\:? DD Engine 2 Hours HC+NOx~  ~ @@ Certification Value=)!Calculated DF*Engine 2(Zero Hour)  =gb&@ed DD [SThe Family Emission Level must be equal to or greater than the Certification Value.,|vUDDDS6R6]\:HE43WH> "    dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"??LeU >  ࡱ; BOlePartOlePres000x6T8`     ! ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' !-  -- !-!- !!-'- ! -- !-""- !"-33- !3-DD- !D-UU- !U-ff- !f-ww- !w-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-!!- !!-22- !2-CC- !C-TT- !T-ee- !e-vv- !v-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-  - ! -@!@- ! @-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -N!N- ! N-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -'- !Arial?)--"System-'-- !Arial(-Arial0--    !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! !--'--    2 RExample 1: Deterioration Factors, Certification Values and Family Emission Limits       --'--  !--'--  !--'--  !- 2 4Engine 1 2 4\Hours   !4M !4O 2 4HC+NOx   2 Ej0 2 E:8.3 2 Vf60 2 V:9.5 2 gc125 2 g311.32 C Best Fit Line  2 y= 2 mx+b  2 y=2 0.024051 2 x+2 W8.216844 2 rsq=2 0.9915832 C Calculated 2 C zero hour= 2 8.222 C Calculated 2 C end of life=2 11.222 "C Calculated DF   2 "= Arial-   !" !" !"M !"O (2 "Calculated end of life -  !3 !3 !3M !3O %2 3Calculated zero hour  2 U= 2 U1.372 Engine 2 2 \Hours   !M !O 2 HC+NOx   2 j0 2 :8.4-2 J Certification 2 jValue= -  ! ! ! ! !M !O 92 !Calculated DF*Engine 2(Zero Hour)     2 =2 11.47  !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! ! 2 SThe Family Emission Level must be equal to or greater than the Certification Value.     -  '؉FFPD5~tFHPtuV!Q5,E%ࡱ;  METAFILEPICTx6hx6T8     ! ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' !-  -- !-!- !!-'- ! -- !-""- !"-33- !3-DD- !D-UU- !U-ff- !f-ww- !w-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-!!- !!-22- !2-CC- !C-TT- !T-ee- !e-vv- !v-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-- !-  - ! -@!@- ! @-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -N!N- ! N-!- ! -!- ! -!- ! -'- !Arial?)--"System-'-- !Arial(-Arial0--    !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! !--'--    2 RExample 1: Deterioration Factors, Certification Values and Family Emission Limits       --'--  !--'--  !--'--  !- 2 4Engine 1 2 4\Hours   !4M !4O 2 4HC+NOx   2 Ej0 2 E:8.3 2 Vf60 2 V:9.5 2 gc125 2 g311.32 C Best Fit Line  2 y= 2 mx+b  2 y=2 0.024051 2 x+2 W8.216844 2 rsq=2 0.9915832 C Calculated 2 C zero hour= 2 8.222 C Calculated 2 C end of life=2 11.222 "C Calculated DF   2 "= Arial-   !" !" !"M !"O (2 "Calculated end of life -  !3 !3 !3M !3O %2 3Calculated zero hour  2 U= 2 U1.372 Engine 2 2 \Hours   !M !O 2 HC+NOx   2 j0 2 :8.4-2 J Certification 2 jValue= -  ! ! ! ! !M !O 92 !Calculated DF*Engine 2(Zero Hour)     2 =2 11.47  !? !A ! ! ! ! ! ! !M !O ! ! ! ! 2 SThe Family Emission Level must be equal to or greater than the Certification Value.     -  '؉FFPD5~tFHPtuV!Q5,E% %&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK(3|x <  9`("Courier 10cpiXx  @;X@* `(CG TimesScalableU P7P($    TRY 3'3' 3' Letter3'TlXXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?Xl7`(XXdd74    X`(XXXX`(XXX`( TABLE A/0*OLE*WPC'z}D~z}D~9!z}D~#ƚR Y    C# ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C#-  -#- !#-C- !C-'- C# -#- !"-""#- !""-33#- !"3-DD#- !"D-UU#- !"U-ff#- !"f-ww#- !"w-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-!!#- !"!-22#- !"2-CC#- !"C-TT#- !"T-ee#- !"e-vv#- !"v-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-  #- !" -11#- !"1-BB#- !"B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-"C"- !B"-'- C#ArialW)--"System-'-- C#Arial(-Arial1--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability   !E !E 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E! !E# !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xn218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 n312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 u21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 n250000002  3750000002 .Total2 n803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability   !f !f 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f! !f# !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 u50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 u12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 u30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 u90000002  4860000002 .Total2 n182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  'thN&hNhNt.K&w #&@,3WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerExcel.Sheet.5Pࡱ;   !"#$%&Root EntryFz53.Ole Book CompObj^ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Excel 5.0 WorksheetBiff5Excel.Sheet.5ࡱ; ࡱ;   B@!=xZ$e9X@"1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial1Arial"$"#,##0_);\("$"#,##0\)"$"#,##0_);[Red]\("$"#,##0\) "$"#,##0.00_);\("$"#,##0.00\)%""$"#,##0.00_);[Red]\("$"#,##0.00\)5*2_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* \(#,##0\);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_),))_(* #,##0_);_(* \(#,##0\);_(* "-"_);_(@_)=,:_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* \(#,##0.00\);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)4+1_(* #,##0.00_);_(* \(#,##0.00\);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)                + ) , *  " " #   " !  Example 2 Sheet3 Sheet4 Sheet5 Sheet6 Sheet7 ~Sheet8 fSheet9NSheet106Sheet11Sheet12Sheet13Sheet14Sheet15Sheet16    dMbP?_*+%&AMHP LaserJet IIIVWSHH497.PPT  DLg,,$$DXd$Y"d,,??U} } $ }  } }   "lcaDpotE  \  :M C\\AXҋG4W: F'5-Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages Nonhandheld:HC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  A(@j@ @@_@$tADDD@JA  DD B"@j@@@o@$e}ADDDЈðA DD C &@@ @@_@$ v@A D D D   @vA  D D  D .@@$@@o@$ wA D D D    ZA D D    Total! %A % V- ! A  % V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)  =zzz'@EL* D D g/bhp-hr HandheldHC+NOx  Durability Sales*HP*UseFEL*Sales *HP*Use Engine Family FEL Sales HPPeriod  EF@j@@I@$SADDDtҪA DD FD@j@?I@$3ADDDׇA DD GR@@@r@$`FADDD̿A DD HK@@@r@$*aADDDA DD Total!gqA! %V-! A %V- Corporate Average =5-Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)0 Q0iwxb,iw!lcaD !=!F1bJ@  DD!g/bhp-hrX> "     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >     dMbP?_*+%&APage &P"h??U >  ࡱ; BOlePartOlePres000#8;" Y    C# ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C#-  -#- !#-C- !C-'- C# -#- !"-""#- !""-33#- !"3-DD#- !"D-UU#- !"U-ff#- !"f-ww#- !"w-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-!!#- !"!-22#- !"2-CC#- !"C-TT#- !"T-ee#- !"e-vv#- !"v-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-  #- !" -11#- !"1-BB#- !"B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-"C"- !B"-'- C#ArialW)--"System-'-- C#Arial(-Arial1--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability   !E !E 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E! !E# !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xn218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 n312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 u21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 n250000002  3750000002 .Total2 n803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability   !f !f 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f! !f# !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 u50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 u12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 u30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 u90000002  4860000002 .Total2 n182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 2=2 253.532 2$g/bhp-hr-  'thN&hNhNt.K&w #&@,3ࡱ;  METAFILEPICT8)"8; Y    C# ``iݜ*o?H6A^BbzbO/(fvEE>j(9jJ2 """)))000___UUUMMMBBB999 ```( +9%I;/]E:IS+!!lYQGj2ga1aS {Cg..&YQFh.IRj#SjJu3lJA7e ,N, QdoV YC6r3w_GqC-}zn#&s[ Rp$L 6n{DuqVJ4H2Aph6B"}3%6Z\H"BMXR ӕ$sVo<gX .YLg:}ߚ=VCq8SeFMjLZc"LeN?Pppiiiwwwfxю7Tvpxd?2}Dx#$_`,19م>w؁V!0ȳypQit|45'  ' C#-  -#- !#-C- !C-'- C# -#- !"-""#- !""-33#- !"3-DD#- !"D-UU#- !"U-ff#- !"f-ww#- !"w-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-!!#- !"!-22#- !"2-CC#- !"C-TT#- !"T-ee#- !"e-vv#- !"v-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-#- !"-  #- !" -11#- !"1-BB#- !"B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-C- !B-[C[- !B[-C- !B-C- !B-"C"- !B"-'- C#ArialW)--"System-'-- C#Arial(-Arial1--    !Z !\ ! ! ! ! ! ! K2 -Example 2: Calculation of Corporate Averages    -2 # Nonhandheld: 2 EbHC+NOx  2 E! Durability   !E !E 2 E^ Sales*HP*Use     !E! !E# !2 EFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 V Engine Family   2 VpFEL 2 VSales  2 VHP 2 V)Period  2 x*A 2 xu122 x50,000 2 x3.5 2 x11252 xn218750002 x 262500000 2 *B 2 x92 25,000 2 5 2 12502 n312500002  281250000 2 *C 2 u112 5,000 2 3.5 2 11252 u21875002 24062500 2 *D 2 u152 10,000 2 10 2 12502 n250000002  3750000002 .Total2 n803125002  942812500-  ! ! !Z !\--'--    $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! K2 -Total (FEL*Sales*hp*Use)/Total (Sales*hp*use)     2 =2 11.742 $g/bhp-hr2 DHandheld 2 fbHC+NOx  2 f! Durability   !f !f 2 f^ Sales*HP*Use     !f! !f# !2 fFEL*Sales *HP*Use    2 w Engine Family   2 wpFEL 2 wSales  2 wHP 2 w)Period  2 *E 2 u452 50,000 2 2 2 5502 u50000002  225000000 2 *F 2 u402 25,000 2 1 2 5502 u12500002 50000000 2 )G 2 u722 5,000 2 2 2 13002 u30000002  216000000 2 *H 2 u542 10,000 2 3 2 13002 u90000002  4860000002 .Total2 n182500002  977000000-  ! ! !Z !\--'--     $2 UCorporate Average =  ---'--  C#   ! ! !Z !\ ! ! ! ! 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TRY3'3' 3' Letter3'TlXXX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?Xl7XXdXXd74    XXXXXXXX  ݛ<WGCz|-`33@@@E--,x>TD@z|xx 0 @ H@Exxxxx?WGCz| X` @@@E X2, CQA=zx1x 0 @ H@E1x?x?1x?DQA=zxq"  0 @ H@Eq"  q" E_OKz|t"0x `%.@@D4@@@Et"0x x!hߜ  <     MailOut#9707 L    4q"4q"4(#4(#✛   <     April4,1997 L   ЛTO:ALLMANUFACTURERSOFSMALLOFFROADENGINES̀ALLMANUFACTURERSOFSMALLOFFROADEQUIPMENT̀ALLOTHERINTERESTEDPARTIES 4(#4(#4q"4q"@**'WorkshopNotice 0  @ SmallOffRoadEngineRegulatoryReviewIntroduction 0  In1995thefirsttierofstandardsforutilityandlawnandgardenequipmentbelow25horsepower(hp)wasimplemented.Morethan300enginefamiliesarecurrentlycertifiedtothosestandards.ThesecondtierofutilityenginestandardsisscheduledforimplementationinJanuary1999,andrepresentsa70percentreductionfromthefirsttierlevels.InJanuary1996theAirResourcesBoard(ARBorBoard)consideredareportonindustryprogresstowardthesecondtierstandards.Atthehearing,theBoarddirectedstafftoholdfurthermeetingswithindustrytocontinuetoassessindustry'sabilitytomeetthe1999standardsintheremainingleadtime.TheARBstaffhasmetwithvariousentitiesregardingthesmalloffroadengineregulationssincetheJanuary1996meeting.ThestaffheldageneralworkshoponMay22andsubsequentlymetwithmanufacturersandotherinterestedpartiesindividually.Theresultofthosemeetingsistheencloseddocuments,whichdetailtherevisionsthatthestaffplanstopropose.Therevisionsareintendedtoprovideindustrywithgreaterflexibilitythantheexistingregulations;however,meetingtheStateImplementationPlan(SIP)commitmentsremainsaprimaryconcern.TheWorkshops ,`'*   -P(+l Thestaffhasscheduledtwogeneralindustryworkshops, onetodiscusshandheldequipmentandonetodiscussnonhandheldequipment.Theworkshopfornonhandheldequipmentwillbeheld   <   Tuesday,May6   <   1:30p.m.   <   Annex4   <   9530TelstarAvenue   <   ElMonte,California91731 .h)5 ЇTheworkshopforhandheldequipmentwillbeheld   <   Wednesday,May7   <   9:30a.m.   <   Annex4   <   9530TelstarAvenue   <   ElMonte,California91731̀̀Thestaffencouragesindustryandotherinterestedpartiestocontactstaffwithanycommentsorquestionsandtoprovidewrittencomments.Thestaffrequeststhatcommentsbesubmittedbeforetheworkshopstoensurethatissuescanbeaddressedatthemeetings.PostworkshopcommentswillbemostusefuliftheyarrivepriortoMay14,1997.Thestaffalsoencouragesallmanufacturerstorespondtotheenclosedeconomicsurvey.Theinformationwillbeusedtodeterminethecosteffectivenessandeconomicimpactofthestaffsproposal.Anyinformationprovidedwillbekeptconfidential.PleasedirectallcommentstoMr.MichaelW.Carter,Chief,EmissionResearchandOffRoadControlsBranch,9528TelstarAvenue,ElMonte,California91731.Ifyouhavequestions,pleasecallMs.JackieLourenco,Manager,OffRoadControlsSection,at(818)5756676orMr.ScottRowland,staff,at(818)5756683.   <     Sincerely,   <     RobertH.Cross,Chief   <     MobileSourceControlDivisionEnclosures  $x'     71XXdXXd7SmallOffRoadEngineRegulatoryProposal    Staffhasidentifiedthefollowingamendmentsandadditionstotheexistingsmalloffroadengineregulationasnecessaryandcosteffectiveinachievingemissionsreductionsfromsmallengines.1. Applicability󀄀Thestaffproposestorevisethe  @ regulationstoincludeallengineslessthan25hpthatareusedinmobileapplications,specificallyspecialtyvehicleandgolfcartenginesbelow25hp.Specialtyvehicleenginesarecurrentlyregulatedundertheoffhighwayrecreationalvehicleregulation,andarerequiredtomeetthesamestandardsastheenginesinthiscategory.Theenginesaresubstantiallysimilartootherenginescoveredbythesmalloffroadengineregulations.Staffbelievesthattheconsolidationofthecategorywillimprovetheadministration,implementationandenforcementoftheregulations.Similarly,theregulationswillexplicitlyapplytogolfcarts.Newgolfcartsthatwillbeusedinareasthatmeetthefederalozonestandardswillberequiredtousecertifiedengines.Newgolfcartsforuseinareasthatdonotmeetthefederalozonestandardswillcontinuetohaveazeroemissionrequirement.2. EmissionsDurability󀄀Thestaffproposestorevise  theregulationstoensurethatenginesare"emissionsdurable,"i.e.,controlledthroughouttheirusefullife.Toaccomplishthis,staffproposesthatcertificationtestingbedonesimilarlytothecurrentdurabilityprotocolfollowedforautomobilecertification.Thestaffproposestodifferentiateenginesbasedonexpectedusefullife.Manufacturerswouldbeabletochoosebetweenthreedurabilityperiodsfornonhandheldengines;manufacturersofhandheldengineswouldbeabletochoosefromtwodurabilityperiods(thedurabilityperiodsaresimilartothosedetailedinthehandheldequipmentStatementofPrinciples(SOP)recentlyagreeduponbyindustryandtheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(U.S.EPA)).Thestaffbelievesthatmarketforceswouldencouragemanufacturerstochooseappropriateusefullivesfortheirengines.Thestaffrequestscommentsonwhetherthatencouragementwouldbesufficienttoensureproperclassification.Thedurabilityperiodswouldapplytobothsparkignitionenginesandcompressionignitionengines.ThedurabilityperiodsaredetailedinTable1,below.   ,'3d Table1DurabilityPeriods  *q ddd Xdd Xdd X4(#4(#q,d ,td ,^td ,^td ,t +  1" `  p1 8%  8DurabilityPeriods(hours) TE- " p  PTHandheld TEX   I@50I@T50 rBX "  I@50 I@ r@300r@300 sbNX  " r@300 P r@ sNonhandheld SB h  @_@125@_@S125 p@ h " @_@125 @_@ @o@250@o@250 oC h " @o@250 @o@ @@500@@500[QO h " @@500 0   @@ [Staffbasedtheproposednonhandheldstandardsonthedeteriorationexpectedfromoverheadvalve(OHV)enginesat250hoursandtheproposedhandheldstandardsontheobserveddeteriorationofsmallfourstrokeenginesdesignedforhandhelduse.Althoughtheemissionscompliancewouldbebasedonagivendurabilityperiod,thestandardswouldnotdifferfromonedurabilityperiodtoanother.Amanufacturerthatchosethe500hourdurabilityperiodformarketingreasonswouldhavetomeetthestandardat500hours,whileonethatchosethe125hourdurabilityperiodwouldhavetomeetthesamelevelattheshorternumberofhours.Manufacturerswouldberequiredtonotethedurabilityperiodontheenginelabel,ontheequipmentlabel,onthebox,andintheowner'smanual.Thestaffbelievesthatthiswillresultinproductsthathaveemissionsdurabilitycommensuratewiththeirmechanicaldurabilityandwillprovideconsumerswithgreaterinformationonwhichtomaketheirpurchasedecisions.3. CertificationandAveraging󀄀Uponreviewingthe # previousworkshopproposalandindustrycomments,thestaffhasconcludedthatrequiringmanufacturerstocomplywithbothacorporateaveragestandardfornewlevelsandacorporateaveragestandardforemissionsdurabilitylevelswouldimposedesignconstraintsthatcouldsignificantlyburdenindustryandhinderthegoalofincreasingindustryflexibility.Therefore,thestaffproposestobasethecorporateaveragesolelyonemissionsdurabilitylevels,weightedbysales,power,andusefullife.Themanufacturerwouldtestoneengineatzerohours,atthemiddleofthedurabilityperiodandattheendofthedurabilityperiod.Themanufacturerwouldbeallowed,butnotrequired,totestatadditionalpointsatequalintervalsbetweenzerohoursandtheendofthedurabilityperiod.Themanufacturermayalsochoosetoreplicatetestsforgreatercertainty.Themanufacturerwouldusethebestfitlineforthosepointstodetermine -h'6 thedeteriorationfactor(DF).ThemanufacturerwouldthentestasecondengineatzerohoursandmultiplytheresultsbytheDFtodeterminethenonmethanehydrocarbons(NMHC)plusoxidesofnitrogen(NOx),carbonmonoxide(CO),andp  P  articulatematter(PM)certificationvalues.Example1(attached)demonstratesthestepsinthisprocess.Followingdeterminationoftheenginefamily'scertificationvalues,amanufacturerwouldthendeterminetheFamilyEmissionLimit(FEL)fortheenginefamily.TheFELforanenginefamily,whichwouldbeusedtodeterminecompliance,mustbeequaltoorgreaterthanthecertificationvaluesforthatfamily.Inqualityauditornewenginecompliancetesting,complianceforanenginefamilywouldbedeterminedbyapplyingtheDFtothetestvalues,andthencomparingtheresulttotheFEL.TheFELwouldalsobeusedindeterminingcreditgeneration(seeSection8,Credits).Amanufacturer'sinitialcompliancewouldbedeterminedbycomparingtheircorporateaveragetothestandards.Themanufacturer'scorporateaveragewouldbedeterminedfromitsFELsasfollows:Fornenginefamilies,  CorporateAveragè{FELi(g/bhphr)*poweri(hp)*durability  Ѐperiodi(hours)*projectedCaliforniasalesi} p =,̀{poweri(hp)*durabilityperiodi(hours)*projected @  ЀCaliforniasalesi}  !  wherei=1ton. !X# PleaseseeExample2(attached)forsamplecalculations.Nonhandheldequipmentmanufacturerswishingtoaveragebetweenclasseswouldcalculatethecorporateaverageasabove,butwouldthencomparethatresulttotheweightedstandard,determinedasfollows:  (`", Fornenginefamilies, @ WeightedStandard̀{Standardi(g/bhphr)*poweri(hp)*durability `  Ѐperiodi(hours)*projectedCaliforniasalesi} (  =,̀{poweri(hp)*durabilityperiodi(hours)*projected  x ЀCaliforniasalesi}  @  wherei=1ton.   Alternatively,amanufacturercouldchoosenottoincludeanyorallofitsenginefamiliesinthecorporateaveragecalculationsbycertifyingthoseenginefamiliesdirectlytotheemissionsstandards.Ingeneral,ahighFELrelativetothecertificationvaluewouldprovidemorecertaintyofpassingacompliancetestandgeneratingcredits.AnFELnearertothecertificationvaluewouldmakeattainingthecorporateaverageeasier.ThestaffbelievesthattheabilitytodetermineitsownFELswillenableamanufacturertodevelopanemissionscontrolstrategytailoredtothespecificsofthatmanufacturer'sdesignandproductionpractices.4. NonhandheldSparkIgnitionEngines X  NMHC+NOx󀀄Thestaffplanstoproposeacombined  NMHC+NOxstandardroughlyequivalenttotheemissionlevelsattainedbyPhase2federalSOPlevelengines.Thestandardswouldconsistoftwostages.ThefirststagewouldbeanearlyintroductionoffederalPhase2enginetechnology(i.e.,enginesthatdemonstratetheemissionscapabilitiesofoverheadvalveengines).Thesecondstagewouldbebasedontheuseofarelativelylowefficiencycatalyticconverteronthoseengines.̀TheavailableinformationindicatesthatClass1sidevalve(SV)enginesdeterioratemuchmorethanClass2SVenginesorOHVenginesofeitherclass.Accordingly,thestaffdisagreeswiththeapproachtakenintheFederalSOPwhichallowsforthecontinueduseofClass1sidevalveengineswithhighdeteriorationinClass1.Asstaffnotedin1990andsubsequently,itbelievesthatstandardsbasedontheemissionscapabilitiesofSVengineswouldbeinsufficientforCalifornia'spublichealthandairqualityneeds.Instead,staffcontinuestotakethepositionthatthesecondtierstandardsshouldbebasedonthecapabilitiesofthemoreefficientanddurableOHVenginesi.e.,newClass1engines .'3 (whetherSVorOHV)shouldinitiallybenodirtierthanthecurrentClass1OHVaveragecertificationvalues,andthatoverthedurabilityperiodthenewClass1enginesshouldpossessemissionsdurabilityequivalenttothatachievablebyanOHVengine.Staffdoesexpectthatsomemanufacturerswill,formarketreasons,wishtocontinuetoproducesomeSVenginemodels.Certainly,manufacturerswouldbeabletomarketanySVenginethatcomplieswiththestandards,eitherdirectlyorthroughtheaveragingapproach.However,staffdoesnotbelieveitisappropriatetobasethoseemissionsstandardsonthestatusquoofexistingSVengineswhencleaneralternativesarereadilyavailable.Staffhasdeterminedwhatlevelstheemissionsstandardsshouldbesetatbythemethodologydescribedbelow.Anydiscrepanciesareduetoroundingthefigurestoonesignificantdecimalplace.Class1StaffbeganbylookingattheaverageofthecurrentClass1OHVcertificationlevels,whichis8.7gramsperbrakehorsepowerhour(g/bhphr).Staffthenuseda1.3DFtodetermineanendoflife(250hours)levelof11.3g/bhphr.ThestaffrealizesthatattainingaDFof1.3maybedifficultforsomeenginemodelsinthiscategory;therefore,staffalsoaddedasmallcompliancemargintoyieldastandardof12.0g/bhphr.Thus,thisstandardwouldessentiallymodifytheexistingTier1standardfromanewenginestandardtoanemissionsdurabilitystandard.Forthesecondstagestandard,staffassumedtheuseofacatalystthatcouldconvert3.0g/bhphrNMHC+NOx(25percentreduction)attheendofusefullife.Thatresultsinasecondstagestandardof9.0g/bhphr.Class2Determiningtheclass2standardwassimpler,becausetheU.S.EPAstandardassumesallOHVemissionlevelsanddurability.Thefirststageofthestaffsproposedstandardswouldconsistoftheearlyintroductionoffederalphase2engines,at9.0g/bhphrNMHC+NOx.Thisfigureisconsistentwiththereasoningusedforclass1engines;theapplicationofa1.3DFtotheaverageClass2OHVcertificationlevelof6.8g/bhp-hrprovidesaresultof8.8g/bhphr.Forthesecondstage,staffassumedtheuseofacatalystatthesameefficienciesnotedabove.Attheendofusefullife,theengineoutemissionswouldbe9.0g/bhp-hr,aspertheU.S.EPA/IndustrynonhandheldSOP. .'3 Attheendofusefullife,thecatalystwouldneedtoreduce2.3g/bhphrHC+NOx(25percentreduced).Staffthenaddedasmallcompliancemargintotheresultingvalueof6.8g/bhphrtodeterminetheproposed7.0g/bhp-hrstandard.Underthisproposal,theOHVbasedstandardswouldbeimplementedinthe2000modelyear,priortothefederalPhase2program;thiswouldallowindustrytouseCaliforniaasaprovinggroundpriortonationwideimplementationandallowthemtoslowlyincreaseproductionofsecondtierengines. CarbonMonoxide󀄀Manymanufacturershaveindicated h(  thattheexistingsecondtierCOstandardswouldproveanimpedimenttocontrolofNMHCandNOx.Specifically,industryhasarguedthatthehighlevelofCOreductionneededwouldrequireanoxidationcatalyst,andthattheheatgeneratedbytheCOconversionwouldbecomeanotherproblemforenginedesignerstoaddress.TheyfurthercontendthatiftheregulationdidnotrequireextensiveCOreduction,technologiesotherthanoxidizingcatalystscouldbeapplied.Forexample,areducingcatalystwouldbeeffectiveindecreasingNMHC+NOxemissionsatamorereasonabletemperature,andwouldnothavemucheffectonCOemissions.Theprimarypollutantsofconcernfromtheseenginesaretheozoneprecursors,NMHCandNOx.AlthoughCOemissionsdoposehealthconcerns,theexistingARBprogramshaveprovensufficienttomaintainthematarelativelylowlevel.Giventheabove,thestaffplanstoproposethatCOlevelsbecappedatthe1996standardlevel,350g/bhphrwhennew.Becausethe1996standardisanewenginestandard,staffhasappliedtheU.S.EPA'sCODFof1.17anddeterminedthattheequallystringentemissionsdurabilitylevelwouldbe410g/bhp-hr. Implementation󀄀Thestaffproposesthatthe $x' OHV-basedstandardsbeimplementedinthe2000modelϜyear.Somedelayiswarrantedbythechangetoemissionsdurabilitystandards,butthedelayshouldbeminimal,becausethenewstandardswouldrelaxthepresentsecondtierstandardsandwouldbemoreinharmonywiththeU.S.EPASOPprograms.Staffbelievesthatalimitednumberofcurrentlycertifiedenginesarecapableofmeetingtheproposed2000standards.Staffproposestoimplementthecatalystbasedstandardsinthe2004modelyear,whichshouldprovideasufficientperiodofstabilityforindustry.Table2,below,shows .'3 theresultingstandardsing/bhphr,withtheequivalentgramsperkilowatthour(g/kWhr)indicatedbyparentheses.@  +Table2  ProposedNonhandheldSparkIgnitionEmissionsStandards  * ddd td ^td ^td t 4(#4(#,t ,dtd ,td ,td ,dt +  9&  @ 9Year P?0@ " PEngineClass P?0@ " PDisplacement R?0@ " RStandardsg/bhphr̀(g/kWhr) F<-x"   F  @    @   ( @  (NMHC+NOx =* " =CO YF* " 0   Y2000 J;0t "0    J1 9* " 9<225cc 9* " 912.0(16.1) =*t " =410(549) G=*t !"   G & |< ! &2 9* "" 9>225cc 9* #" 99.0(12.0) =*%" =410(549) {h*'"   P@2004P@{2004 l]R)"   P@2004 P@ l1 9**" 9<225cc 9*+" 99.0(12.0) =*-" =410(549) C9*/"   HC ( l/ (2 ;*40" ;Ѐ>225cc ;*41" ;Ѐ7.0(9.4) =*3" =410(549):0.5" 0 H   :   <     5. NonhandheldCompressionIgnitionEngines󀄀Thestaff L 8 proposesthatcompressionignitionenginesberegulatedaspertheCompressionIgnitionStatementofPrinciples(SOP)thatARB,U.S.EPAandvariousindustrymembersagreedupon.TheSOPstandardswouldbearelaxationoftheexisting1999standards;however,thestaffisuncertainoftheindustrysabilitytomeeta3.2g/bhp-hrHC+NOxstandard.Moreover,thepopulationofdieselenginesbelow25horsepowerisrelativelysmall,sothebenefitsgainedfromharmonizationoftheregulationsandtheassuranceofcontroloverpreemptedfarmandconstructionequipmentenginesoutweightheslightincreaseinemissions.Thestaffestimatesthattheemissionsimpactwouldbeminor,approximately0.5tonsperdayHC+NOxstatewidein2010.ThestandardlevelsforHC+NOx,COand particulatematter(   PM ) areshownbelowinTable3.π   )T#I Table3CompressionIgnitionEngineStandardsARB/U.S.EPA/IndustryAgreement  *ddt dtd td td dt 4(#4(#,8d ,td ,dtd ,dtd ,dt +  7& (  87Year P?0 X"0  PHorsepower R?0 X "0  REmissionsStandardsg/bhphr(g/kWhr) J@- X " 8  `J  `    ( `   (NMHC+NOx ;*  " ;CO =*  " =PM yh* "  `  P@@2000@@y2000 l]RH"&  @@2000 @@ l<11 9*H" 97.8(10.5) 9*" 96.0(8.0) =*" =0.74(1.0) G=*" P  PG &   &>11<25 9*` " 97.0(9.5) 9*( " 94.9(6.6) =*( " =0.6(0.8) ud*( " P  PT@2005T@u2005 ]LAx8 " T@2005 T@ ]<25 ;*x8 " ;5.6(7.5) ;*@ !" ;6.0(8.0) =*@ #" =0.6(0.8):0.@ %" P   :6. HandheldEngineStandards X'  NMHC+NOx󀄀ThePortablePowerEquipment () ManufacturersAssociation(PPEMA)suggestedthatCaliforniashouldadopttheU.S.EPAPhase2standards,whichareemissionsdurabilitystandardsdesignedtobe30percentlowerthanthecurrentTierI/Phase1newenginestandards.However,theU.S.EPAPhase2standardswillnotachievetheemissionsreductionsthatCalifornianeedsfromhandheldequipment.Additionally,severalmanufacturershaveindicatedsupportformorestringentlevels.Ryobi,forinstance,hasdevelopedanenginethatcanmeettheadoptedstandardsandhaspubliclystatedthatthe1999standardsshouldberetainedwithnochanges.Hondahasalsodevelopedahandheldfourstrokeenginethatcanmeetthe1999standards.BothenginescanalsomeettheUnitedStatesForestServicetemperaturerequirements.Staffrecognizesthatnotallmanufacturersmayyetbecapableofmeetingthe1999standardsandthattheindustryisnotyetreadytoconvertallproductlinestofourstrokeengines.Therefore,tomaximizemanufacturerflexibility,thestaffproposestomodifythestandardtoa54g/bhphrNMHC+NOxcorporateaverageemissionsdurabilitystandardthatwouldbeimplementedin2000.Sincethestandardwouldbeacorporateaveragestandard,itwouldallowmanufacturerstouseabroadermixoftechnologiesintheircomplianceplans.Thestaffenvisionsamixoftechnologiesbeingusedtomeetthestandard,includingfourstrokeenginesandimproved, -'F catalyzedtwostrokeengines.Althoughelectricequipmentwouldnotbeincludedinamanufacturer'scorporateaverage,staffexpectsthattheshareofelectricequipmentinthelowerpower/pricenicheswouldexpandaswell,sinceofferingelectricproductsmaybemoreeconomicallyefficientthandevelopingcontrolsforallenginesnowused.Thereisnodoubtthata54g/bhphrNMHC+NOxstandardistechnologicallyfeasible;electricequipmentandequipmentwithfourstrokeenginesarealreadybeingmarketed.Additionally,Husqvarnahascertifiedthreeenginesequippedwithcatalyticconverters.HusqvarnaannouncedtheircatalysttechnologyinJuly1996,statingthatitcouldachievealevel40percentbelowthefirsttierstandards(or108g/bhphrHC+NOxnew)andhadthepotentialtoachieveemissionslevels60percentbelowthefirsttierstandards.Theactualcertificationlevelsatalean/leansettingareveryclosetothe54g/bhphrstandard;however,itremainstobeseenhowthesystemworksovertheusefullifeofanengine.Withaveragingandfurtherdevelopment,catalystequippedtwostrokeenginesmayplayasignificantroleinthecategory.Thestaffdidconsiderproposingaseparate,lessstringentstandardforresidentialhandheldequipment.TheproponentsofthisapproachsuggestedthattheU.S.EPAhandheldSOPwouldprovidesufficientcontrolofresidentialequipment,andnotedthatthesmallemissionsinventoryofresidentialequipmentandtheeconomicsofcontrollinglowpricedresidentialequipmentsupportedsuchadistinction.However,thatargumentisunderminedbecausethehandheldfourstrokeengineofferednowisinaresidentialtrimmer.Furthermore,thepreemptionofconstructionandfarmequipmentbelow175hpseverelylimitstheemissionsreductionsachievablefromcommercialequipmentalone.Forthesereasons,staffdecidednottoproposeamorelenientresidentialstandard.  $x'  CarbonMonoxide󀄀AswiththeCOemissionsfrom H& ) nonhandheldequipment,thestaffproposestocapCOemissionsfromhandheldequipmentat1996levels.Becausethedeteriorationoftheseenginesisexpectedtobeminimal,thestandardwouldnotbeadjustedforinusedeterioration.  +%0 1- ParticulateMatter󀄀Theexisting1999standards @ includeaPMstandardof0.25g/bhphr.Aspartofthefederalregulatorynegotiationregardingsmalloffroadengines,PPEMApresentedinformationthatsuggeststhatPMemissionsfromtwostrokegasolineenginesareunlikelytoposethesamerisktopublichealthasdieselPM.PPEMAsaysthatunlikedieselPM,whichisprimarilycarbonaceousmaterial,PMfromtwostrokegasolineenginesisprimarilycomposedofhydrocarbonsfromunburntoil.PPEMAcontendedthatmeasurestoreduceexhausthydrocarbonswillalsoresultinareductionofPMemissionsandthatthereisthereforenoneedforaseparatePMstandard.StaffhascarefullyconsideredPPEMAsarguments.However,allheavyhydrocarbonbasedparticulatesareofconcern,eventhoughthehealthlinkislesscertainthanwithcarbonaceousmaterial.Further,attainingtheambientparticulatestandardsinCaliforniaremainsadauntingchallengewhichwillrequireeverypossiblecontrolmeasure.ThedataprovidedbyPPEMAshow s thathydrocarboncontrolsdoreducetwostrokePMemissions,butnoneofthetestdataprovidedapproachedthe19990.25g/bhphrstandard.Abandoningthestandardwouldmeanacceptinghigheremissionlevelsthanarecurrentlyrequired.Atthistime,thestaffbelievesthattheavailableinformationindicatesthatthePMstandardshouldberetained.ThestaffwelcomescommentsontheissueofPMstandards.Theexistingsecondtierstandardwasbasedontheassumptionthattheprimarycompliancetechniquewouldbetheuseofcatalystequippedtwostrokeengines.Itnowappearsthatfourstrokeengines,whichcanmeetthe0.25g/bhphrstandard,willbeusedformanyapplications.Thestaffisuncertaintowhatdegreetwostrokeengineswillbeusedinhandheldequipment.Therefore,thestaffrequestscommentsonwhetherthePMstandardshouldbemodified.Additionaldataconcerningcontrolledtwo-strokePMemissionswouldalsobewelcomed. Implementation󀄀Sincetechnologiesareavailable H& ) thatmeetthestandards,thestaffdoesnotbelievethattheimplementationneedstobedelayedfortechnicalreasons.However,becausetheregulationswouldchangefromacalendaryearbasistoamodelyearbasis,andfromnewenginestandardstoemissionsdurabilitystandards,staffbelievesthatsomeextensionofleadtimeiswarranted.Therefore,itproposestograntthehandheldindustryaoneyearextensionofleadtimepriortotheinitialimplementation.Thus,theproposed  P-'2 standardswouldbeginwiththe2000modelyear.Thestaff'sproposedhandheldengineemissionsstandardsaresummarizedinTable4.  Table4c@  ProposedHandheldEmissionsStandards*,-dd8d td dtd dtd dt 4(#4(#,dd",dd",~dd",~dd"+    @ Year *  l ".  *Standardsg/bhphr(g/kWhr)   l    d  NMHC+NOx    CO   PM 7-  @@2000@@72000 7-+d$  @@2000 @@ 754(72)  d$  600(803)  ,  0.25(0.33) ,   7. ProductionLineTesting󀄀Althoughattheworkshop |< staffproposedtousetheU.S.EPACumulativeSumProductionLineTesting(CumSumPLT)programasareplacementforQualityAudit(QA),staffhasreconsideredafterusingbothprogramstoevaluatetheQAdatafromthefirstquarterof1996.Althoughbothprogramsgeneratedthesamecomplianceresults,thestaffbelievesthatthelargersamplesizeassociatedwithQAislikelytoprovideabetterindicationofthetruepopulationmean.Furthermore,QAwouldprovideaguaranteeofsamplingfromtheentireproductionyear,unlikeCumSumPLT,whichwouldconcludetestingonevidenceofclearcompliance.However,inadditiontodeterminingcompliance,theemissionsresultsfromthetestingofproductionengineswillalsobeusedinthegenerationofemissionreductioncreditsandtheQAprogramwouldprovidestaffwithmoredataonwhichtobaseemissionreductioncredits.Thestaffdoesnotbelievethatityethassufficientinformationregardingtheperformanceofproductionenginestowarrantthereductionintheamountofavailabledataforthecreditprogram.Therefore,staffdoesnotplantoproposetheadoptionofCumSumPLTatthistime.However,thestaffwelcomescommentsonthepossibilityofadoptingCumSumPLTforuseinthefuture. <' 0 Additionally,thestaffplanstoproposethecontinuation ("2 oftheNewEngineCompliance(NEC)program.However,thestaffalsoplanstodevelopandproposeameansbywhichmanufacturerscanremedytheirQAandNECfailuresbyuseofcredits(seesection8,below).  ,t&7 1-7@>XXdXXd7  1-7@>XXdXXd7   1-7@>XXdXXd7   1-7@>XXdXXd7   1-7'XXdXXd7   8. Credits󀄀Mostmanufacturershaveindicatedthat @  theyfavortheconceptofemissionsreductioncreditsforoverachievers.However,somemanufacturerswereworriedabouthowacreditprogramwouldincludeelectricequipmentwithoutimmediatelydisadvantagingthosemanufacturerswhichproduceonlyenginepoweredequipment.Therefore,atthistimethestaffdoesnotplantoincludeelectricequipmentinanyaveraging,bankingortradingprograms.However,staffwelcomessuggestionsonhowtoaddressthisissue.IngeneralstaffenvisionscreditsbeinggeneratedwhenQAtestingindicatesthattheproductionenginesareoutperformingtheirFEL.Thisshouldensurethatthereisnodoublecountingofemissionsbenefits.Creditscouldbeaveraged,banked,ortraded.Thestaffproposestoallowtheearlygenerationandbankingofcreditsforhandheldenginefamiliesthatarecertifiedtothe54g/bhphrstandardin1998and1999.ThecreditswouldbegeneratedfromthedifferencebetweenaneffectiveFELbaselineofthepreviousyearsaverageQAdataandtheenginecertificationlevels.Intheabsenceofanemissionsdurabilitydemonstration,thecreditswouldbecalculatedusingadefaultlifetimeof50hours.Thecreditsawardedwouldbefurtherdiscountedtominimizerisktothepublic.Ifamanufacturerchosetoconductadurabilitydemonstration,themanufacturerwouldreceivefullcredits,asperthegeneralcreditprogram.Thestaffrequestscommentsonwhetherasimilarprogramshouldbeproposedfornonhandheldengines.Specifically,staffrequestscommentsonanappropriatetriggerlevelforcreditgeneration,consideringthatvirtuallyallnonhandheldenginescurrentlymeettheproposed2000standardsifdurabilityisnotdemonstrated.Thestaffisalsoconsideringproposingotherprogramstoprovideincentivesforfurtherdevelopmentofcleantechnologiesorearlyintroductionofthosetechnologies.Thoseincentivescouldincludetheabilitytousea"greenlabel"(alathe"EnergyStar"labelonpersonalcomputers)andareducedtestingburden,amongothers.Thestaffencouragesmanufacturerstoindicateotherincentivesthatcouldspurthedevelopmentanddisseminationofenginesorequipmentthatarecleanerthantheregulationswouldrequire.  P-'2 9. SmallVolumeManufacturers󀄀Thestaffrecognizes @ thatsmallvolumemanufacturersmayrequirespecialconsiderationtocontinuetoservetheirnichemarkets.Toensurecontinuedproductavailability,thestaffproposestoprovideanassignedDFtomanufacturersthatproducelessthan100enginesannuallyforCalifornia.Thiswilleliminatetheneedtoconductcostlydurabilitytestingandreducethenumberofenginesthatmustbeusedinthecertificationprocess.10.EffectontheInventoryandtheSIPThechanges   beingproposedwillhaveaneffectontheemissionsinventoryforsmalloffroadenginesandontheSIP.Forexample,includingemissiondeteriorationfromnonhandheldenginesincreasestheemissionsinventoryandtheabsoluteemissionreductionsachievedbythestandards.Revisingtheemissionstandardfornonhandheldengines,anddelayingtheeffectivedateofthehandheldregulationsbyoneyearwillreducetheemissionreductionsachieved.Finally,enginesusedinapplicationswhichCaliforniaispreemptedfromcontrollingwillbesubjecttofederalstandards,anditisclearfromrecenteventsthatthefederalstandardswillbelessstringentthanassumedintheSIP.ThiswillreducetheemissionreductionsachievedinCaliforniafrompreemptedsmalloffroadengines.Table5illustratestheeffectofemissiondeteriorationontheuncontrolledemissioninventory,andtheemissionlevelaftercontrols,assumingthatallenginesmeettheoriginal1999ARBstandards.̀  Ӏ   @  ЛTable5EmissionInventoryforUtilityEnginesHC+NOx(tonsperdayin2010)  *:;dddd"dd"~dd"~dd",-4(#4(#,Fd ,Ftd ,td ,td ,td ,t +  088!  x 0&@>XXX@>@& &X&@>Category N8?0 "@=88 NResponsibility N8?0"@' 8 N @ UncontrolledInventory D881"` "8 DControlledInventory(assumescompliancewith1999ARBstandards) E6(" 88 E 7( 7 3$ 3UsedinSIP 9*h( " 9AdjustedforDeterioration 9*h( " 9UsedinSIP =8*h( " =AdjustedforDeterioration K8<%@ " 8 KHandheld J;0` "G8 JU.S.EPA [L` " B@37.2B@[Ѐ37.2 }nA` U B@37.2 B@ B@37.2B@}37.2 }nA` U B@37.2 B@ ffffff%@10.7ffffff%@}10.7 8nA` !U ffffff%@10.7 ffffff%@ ffffff%@10.7ffffff%@10.7 _UG` "U ffffff%@10.7 ffffff%@8 _ & x8 " &CA ZK #" @6.2@ZЀ6.2 {l@ $U @6.2 @ @6.2@{6.2 {l@ %U @6.2 @ 333333?1.2333333?{1.2 8l@ &U 333333?1.2 333333? 333333?1.2333333?1.2 q8bF 'U 333333?1.2 333333?8 8qNonhandheld J;0@("Q8 JU.S.EPA ZK@)" @5.4@ZЀ5.4 {l@@*U @5.4 @ ffffff@7.6ffffff@{7.6 {l@@+U ffffff@7.6 ffffff@ ffffff?0.7ffffff?{0.7 8l@@,U ffffff?0.7 ffffff? ?1.1?1.1 m^K@-U ?1.1 8 ?8 Pm 3$X- 3CA [L." 7@23.57@[Ѐ23.5 }nA/U 7@23.5 7@ 33333s@@32.933333s@@}32.9 |mA0U 33333s@@32.9 33333s@@ @2.1@|2.1 8l@1U @2.1 @ @3.0@Ѐ3.0 t88cK2U @3.0 P @8 tTotal `8O"@3"88 33333SR@73.333333SR@`Ѐ73.3 8nA@4U 33333SR@73.3 33333SR@8 T@83.9T@83.9 8nA@5U T@83.9 T@8 ffffff-@14.7ffffff-@14.7 88nA@6U ffffff-@14.7 ffffff-@8 0@16.00@16.0#&@>X &@&r##X@>XX&@>S#\RP@7U 0@16.0 0   0@88 \TheadjusteduncontrolledvaluesinthetablefornonhandheldenginesincludeemissiondeteriorationbasedoninformationprovidedbytheEngineManufacturersAssociation,whichwasnotincludedintheinventoryusedtodeveloptheSIP.Emissiondeteriorationforcontrolledenginesisbasedonanassumeddeteriorationfactorof1.4.Ascanbeseeninthetable,theeffectofdeteriorationistoincreaseuncontrolledemissionsby10.6tpd.Controlledemissionsincreaseless(1.3tpd).ForthoseenginesnotpreemptedbyU.S.EPA,theproposedoneyeardelayintheCaliforniahandheldstandarddoesnotimpactemissionsin2010becausefullturnovertocontrolledenginesstilloccurs.Therewillbeanimpactonareaswhichmustdemonstrateattainmentby2005.TherelaxationoftheemissionstandardsfornonhandheldenginessubjecttoCaliforniastandardscausesa2.2tpdshortfallinachievingtheemissionlevelsneededtodemonstrateattainmentin2010,asshowninTable6.Thisisinadditiontothe0.9tpdhigheremissionlevelduetorevisionsintheinventoryfrom2.1tpdto3.0tpdtoreflectdeterioration(seeTable5).   -X'Q МTable6ImpactofProposedChangesinCaliforniaStandardsHC+NOx(tonsperdayin2010)\  *AH ddFd Ftd td td td t :;4(#4(#,Fdd",Fdd",Cdd",dd",dd"+  #  x #IXq XXX@>Category <2#  "66] <Responsibility <2#  "66H <#X@>X XIXqV#IXq XXX@> @ #X@>X XIXq(#9Xq XXX@>ControlledEmissions,    withDeterioration#X@>X X9Xqt#IXq XXX@> .$  " .Shortfall 3)# " 66 3  $  ! $ !#X@>X XIXq#9Xq XXX@>w/Existing H 1999ARBStandards#X@>X X9Xqܸ#IXq XXX@> '` " 'w/ARBProposedStandards +!` " + ! $ !#X@>X XIXqP#9Xq XXX@>Handheld#X@>X X9Xq#IXq XXX@> ' " 'CA H> " 333333?1.2333333?HЀ1.2 lb3 " 333333?1.2 333333? 333333?1.2333333?l1.2 i_@ " 333333?1.2 333333? # iЀ0.0 ;1& " #  ;Nonhandheld '` " 'CA KA` " @3.0@K3.0 yo@` " @3.0 @ @5.2@y5.2 vl@` " @5.2 @ @2.2@v2.2 LB3` " @2.2 @ LTotal KA " @4.2@K4.2 i_3!" @4.2 @ @6.4@i6.4 i_3"" @6.4 @ @2.2@i2.2#X@>X XIXqg#C97#" @2.2  @ CTheU.S.EPAhasnotadoptedsecondphaseemissionstandardsforutilityengines.Instead,ithasrecentlysignedStatementsofPrincipleswhichgovernthenextroundofemissionlimitsforutilityengines.TheemissionlimitscontainedinthoseagreementsaremuchlessstringentthanthosebeingproposedbyARB.BecauseARBispreemptedfromcontrollingemissionsfromsmalloffroadenginesprincipallyusedinfarmandconstruction,theU.S.EPAsactionsimpactCaliforniascleanairplans.AsshowninTable7,theU.S.EPAstandardswillincreaseemissions13.3tpdoverthoseassumedindevelopingourattainmentplans.  Ӝ  !t2 Table7ImpactofProposed Changesin  FederalStandardsHC+NOx(tonsperdayin2010)*  d dFdd"Fdd"Cdd"dd"dd"AH4(#4(#,Fdd",Fdd",edd",dd",dd"+  #   #9Xq XXX@>Category <2#@ "66n <Responsibility <2#@  "66o <#X@>X X9Xq#9Xq XXX@> @ #X@>X X9Xq#9Xq XXX@>ControlledEmissions,with T   Deterioration#X@>X X9Xq#9Xq XXX@> .$@  " .Shortfall 3)#@ " 66q 3  \   ! \  !#X@>X X9Xq{#9Xq XXX@>w/Existing   1999ARBStandards#X@>X X9Xqe#9Xq XXX@> 'X " 'w/U.S.EPAProposedStandards +!X " + ! \  !#X@>X X9Xq#9Xq XXX@>Handheld#X@>X X9Xq#9Xq XXX@> ' " 'U.S.EPA I? " ffffff%@10.7ffffff%@I10.7 nd4 U ffffff%@10.7 ffffff%@ fffff4@20.9fffff4@n20.9 xnA U fffff4@20.9 fffff4@ ffffff$@10.2ffffff$@xЀ10.2 I?4 U ffffff$@10.2 ffffff$@ INonhandheld 'X " 'U.S.EPA KAX " ?1.1?KЀ1.1 yo@X U ?1.1 ? @4.2@y4.2 vl@X U @4.2 @ @3.1@vЀ3.1 LB3X U @3.1 @ LTotal LB " '@11.8'@L11.8 ka4 U '@11.8 '@ 9@25.19@k25.1 ka4 !U 9@25.1 9@ *@13.3*@k13.3#X@>X X9Xq#D:8 "U *@13.3  *@ D  11. Mitigation󀄀Theemissionshortfallforengines $ subjecttostatestandardsis2.2tpdcomparedtothedeteriorationadjustedinventory,or3.1tpdcomparedtotheunadjustedinventory.ThestaffbelievesthatitisobligatedtoidentifyalternativewaysofachievingemissionreductionssufficienttoachievetheoriginalcontrolledlevelsuponwhichtheSIPisbased.ThestaffhasidentifiedfuelspillageasacauseofadditionalHCemissionsfromsmalloffroadengines.Staffintendstoproposethatallnewlawnmowersbeequippedwithspillprooffuelsystems.Apreliminaryestimateisthatthiswouldprovideanadditionalreductionof6tpdHCemissions,whichwouldhelpmitigatetheemissionincreaseforenginessubjecttostatecontrol.Staffisrequestingcommentsonthisapproach,andonanyotherwaysofprovidingadditionalreductions.Initsproposedrulemaking,U.S.EPAhascommittedtoexploreavoluntarymeansofreducingfuelspillagefromnonhandheldequipment.U.S.EPAmayalsoinvestigateafurthertighteningofstandardsatafuturedate.ItisuncertainatthistimewhethersuchfurthercontrolswillbeimplementedbyU.S.EPA,and,iftheyare,whatemissionreductionswillbeachieved.UntilactionsaretakenbyU.S.EPA,therewillbea13.3tpdshortfallfromthoseenginesnotsubjecttoARBstandards.Attachments  ,d&@ 7@>XXdXXd7k'#7'#`<~ `0*xE~~Om7k 4O4O4(#4(# 4O4O М k'.7 '#`<f `0*xEOgk  k'.7'#`<f `EOgk    k'7'#`<f3 `0*xE33O`k      k'7 '#`<f3 `0*xE33O`kߛ 4O4O4(#4(# 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4O4O4O4O 4(#4(#4O4O   $ 4  9Xq XXX@>BusinessImpactSurvey   TheARBrespectfullyrequeststhatyoucompletethefollowingsurveytoassistinourformulationofthepotentialeconomicimpactoftheproposedcontrolplanontheregulatedindustry.CompanyName򀀀 L  Manufacturing/OperatingPlantLocation(s)򀀀 $ t Ѐ  ` TypeofIndustry(SICCodeifavailable)򀀀  8  Isthisanindependententerpriseorasubsidiaryofalargercompany(pleasespecify)?򀀀   ЀNumberofEmployees/Location򀀀   Ѐ p OwnersEquity/AssetSize򀀀 H NetIncome򀀀󀀀NetWorth򀀀  p Profitability򀀀󀀀AnnualSales(MostCurrentFigure)򀀀 H ЀResearchandDevelopmentDollarsExpended/Needed򀀀   OtherIncrementalCosts(pleasespecify)򀀀  Ѐ  Whatproportionofyoursaleswillbeimpactedbytheproposedcontrolplan?򀀀 l Ѐ X  Pleasespecifyanyotherspecific/technicalconcerns.򀀀 0"  Ѐπππππ '#&