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As a result of the research and development of these technologies, manufacturers and entrepreneurs have approached the Air Resources Board (ARB) and asked for an opportunity to demonstrate equivalent emission benefits to the ARB's zeroemission vehicle requirement through the use of new transportation technologies.  In response to these requests, the ARB directed the staff to evaluate the potential role of HEVs within the framework of the zeroemission vehicle requirement. In response to the Board's direction, the staff has met with a number of parties interested in HEVs and conducted a public forum to discuss the policy and air quality implications of allowing extremely lowemitting HEVs to receive at least partial credit toward the zeroemission vehicle requirement. Based on the information provided to date, the ARB staff is proposing amendments to the regulations that would establish performancebased standards and thus provide greater flexibility for industry to meet California's emissions requirements. The amendments would have no effect on the current zeroemission vehicle definition or the unique benefits that batteryelectric technology offers namely no refueling emissions and no deterioration in emission control equipment.  The ARB staff is proposing amendments to add a new "equivalent zeroemission vehicle" (EZEV) emission standard, which is equal to the minor level of inbasin power plant emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and reactive organic gases (ROG) associated with charging batterypowered electric vehicles. The new standard is intended to provide an additional mechanism for technologies that can achieve extremely low tailpipe emissions to receive credit towards the zeroemission vehicle requirement. Since these technologies will likely have some tailpipe emissions, it is necessary to provide an additional standard in the regulations. Evaporative and refueling emissions would be counted along with exhaust emissions. Vehicles certified to the EZEV standard would be credited toward a manufacturer's zeroemission vehicle requirement on a onetoone basis. The proposed certification standards for NOx and nonmethane organic gas (NMOG) are:  Proposed Equivalent ZeroEmission Vehicle Certification Standards Đ J ` d`  ` d` J   PollutantEmissions Levelq q NOx0.02 grams per mile  NMOG0.004 grams per mile  Staff also proposes to amend the regulations to provide partial zeroemission vehicle credit for HEVs capable of providing a significant allelectric range. The proposed amendments acknowledge the fact that such HEVs could perform as electric vehicles for much of their operation. Under this proposal, the vehicle would have to be capable of at least a 30mile allelectric range and have an auxiliary power unit certified to the ultralow emission vehicle standards. The amount of zeroemission vehicle credit would be based on transportation survey data used in combination with the vehicle's allelectric range.        I.INTRODUCTION X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:SAcFleet Avg NMOG (g/mi) 0.250 0.231  0.225 0.202 0.157 0.113 0.073 0.070  0.068  0.062 X` hp h!%&'0*,.8135@8: 600.02q q B40 to 590.03    C0 to 390.04X` hp h!%&'0*,.8135@8: 900.010.880.010.44 It has been suggested that any amendments to provide ZEV credit do so for every additional mile of electric range. That is, a manufacturer would receive more ZEV credit for producing a vehicle with a 53 mile allelectric range than for producing a vehicle with a 52 mile allelectric range. There are several reasons for not providing a continuum of ZEV credit. First, the values for ZEV credit are based on the transportation survey information that summarizes the travel patterns and habits of people using conventional gasolinepowered vehicles. It is extremely uncertain exactly how hybridelectric vehicles will be used. Until HEVs are available and inuse data is obtained, it is impossible to accurately predict the driving patterns of individuals using these vehicles. Second, the vehicle's range will decrease as the vehicle's battery pack ages. As an example, a vehicle may be certified having an allelectric range of 50 miles. As the battery's ability to store energy deteriorates, this range will decrease. Since the end of battery life is expected to be at 80 percent of original capacity, this HEV could continue to be used until its range is only 40 miles. Third, the incremental benefit for each mile of additional range over 40 miles is fairly small. As mentioned above, a vehicle with an allelectric range of 40 miles could, under ideal conditions, be used for 75 percent of all VMT in the batteryonly mode. This percentage slowly increases to just over 85 percent at 90 miles of allelectric range. For these reasons, the staff proposes providing additional credit at every 10 mile increment between 30 and 90 miles of allelectric range.   C. The Relationship Between ZEV and NMOG Credits The amendments proposed in this package are primarily for the purposes of determining the amount, if any, of ZEV credit that a HEV could receive. The proposed amendments do have some impact on the existing calculation of additional NMOG credits for HEVs not meeting the ZEV requirements. Because the staff proposes to establish categories in 10mile allelectric range increments for HEV ULEVs, new classifications are also needed for HEVs with APUs meeting TLEV and LEV emission standards. X` N hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 900.0850.0500.010 V. ISSUES RELATED TO TEST PROCEDURES X` N hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: 90܌ b .` ` " Certificate of Conformity " means Executive Order certifying vehicles for sale in California.  c .` ` " Certification " means certification as defined in Section 39018 of the Health and Safety Code.  Ap .` ` " Certification level " means the official exhaust or evaporative emission result from an emission-data vehicle which has been adjusted by the applicable mass deterioration factor and is submitted to the Executive Officer for use in determining compliance with an emission standard for the purpose of certifying a particular engine family. For those engine families which are certified using reactivity adjustment factors developed by the manufacturer pursuant to Appendix VIII of these test procedures, the exhaust NMOG certification level shall include adjustment by the ozone deterioration factor.  m .` ` " Continually regenerating trap oxidizer system " means a trap oxidizer system that does not utilize an automated regeneration mode during normal driving conditions for cleaning the trap.  Am .` ` " Conventional gasoline " means any certification gasoline which meets the specifications of 40 CFR 86.113-90(a), including the specifications of (a)(1)(i) but excluding the specifications of (a)(1)(ii) as amended by Section 9.a.1. of these test procedures. For the purpose of determining the ozone-forming potential of conventional gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions, gasoline meeting the specifications of Appendix VIII, note (9) of these test procedures shall be used.  Bb .` ` " Dedicated Ethanol Vehicle " means any ethanol-fueled motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated solely on ethanol.  u .` ` " Dedicated Methanol Vehicle " means any methanol-fueled motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated solely on methanol.  Ax .` ` " Defeat Device " means an auxiliary emission control device (AECD) that reduces the effectiveness of the emission control system under conditions which may reasonably be expected to be encountered in normal vehicle operation and use, unless (1) such conditions are substantially included in the Federal emission test procedure, (2) the need for the AECD is justified in terms of protecting the vehicle against damage or accident, or (3) the AECD does not go beyond the requirements of engine starting.  v .` ` " Diesel-cycle " means powered by an engine where the primary means of controlling power output is by limiting of the amount of fuel that is injected into the combustion chambers of the engine.  Ak .` ` " Diesel Engine " means any engine powered with diesel fuel, gaseous fuel, ethanol, or methanol or alcohol fuel for which diesel engine speed/torque characteristics and vehicle applications are retained.  Aa .` `  "Dualfuel vehicle" means any motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be capable of operating on gasoline or diesel and on compressed natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas, with separate fuel tanks for each fuel onboard the vehicle.  Af .` ` " Electric vehicle " means any vehicle which operates solely by use of a battery or battery pack. This definition also includes vehicles which are powered mainly through the use of an electric battery or battery pack, but which use a flywheel that stores energy produced by the electric motor or through regenerative braking to assist in vehicle operation.  Ay .` ` " Element of Design " means any control system (i.e., computer software, electronic control system, emission control system, computer logic), and/or control system calibrations and/or the results of systems interaction, and/or hardware items on a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine.  Bc .` ` " Ethanol " means any fuel for motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines that is composed of either commercially available or chemically pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and gasoline as specified in section 9.a. (Fuel Specifications) of these test procedures. The required fuel blend is based on the type of ethanol-fueled vehicle being certified and the particular aspect of the certification procedure being conducted.  Ba .` ` " Ethanol vehicle " means any motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated using ethanol as a fuel.  ` ` " Equivalent ZeroEmission Vehicle " or " EZEV " means any vehicle which is certified to the EZEV exhaust emission standards.  Al.` `  " Fuel fired heater " means a fuel burning device which creates heat for the purpose of warming the passenger compartment of a vehicle but does not contribute to the propulsion of the vehicle.  t .` ` " Fuel-Flexible Vehicle " or " FFV " means any methanol-fueled or ethanol-fueled motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated using any gasoline-methanol or gasoline-ethanol fuel mixture or blend.  i .` ` " Gaseous fuels " means liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, or liquefied natural gas fuels for use in motor vehicles.  e .` ` " Heavy-duty engine " means an engine which is used to propel a heavy-duty vehicle.  f .` ` " Heavy-duty vehicle " means any motor vehicle having a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating greater than 6000 pounds, except passenger cars.  Aj .` ` " Hybrid electric vehicle " or " HEV " means any vehicle which is included in the definition of a "series hybrid electric vehicle", a "parallel hybrid electric vehicle", or a "battery assisted combustion engine vehicle".  y .` ` " Incomplete vehicle " means any vehicle which does not have the primary load carrying device or container attached. In situations where individual marketing relationships makes the status of the vehicle questionable, the Executive Officer shall determine whether a specific model complies with the definition of incomplete vehicle.  Az .` ` " Intermediate Temperature Cold Testing " means testing done pursuant to the driving cycle and testing conditions contained in 40 CFR Part 86 Subpart C, at temperatures between 25o F (-4o C) and 68o F (20o C).  Ao .` ` " Intermediate volume manufacturer " is any vehicle manufacturer with California sales between 3,001 and 35,000 new light- and medium-duty vehicles per model year based on the average number of vehicles sold by the manufacturer each year from 1989 to 1993; however, for manufacturers certifying for the first time in California, model year sales shall be based on projected California sales.  g .` ` " Light-duty truck " or " LDT " means any motor vehicle, rated at 6000 pounds gross vehicle weight or less, which is designed primarily for purposes of transportation of property or is a derivative of such a vehicle, or is available with special features enabling off-street or off-highway operation and use. ` ` " Loaded Vehicle Weight " or " LVW " means the vehicle curb weight plus 300 pounds.  Ac .` ` " Low-emission vehicle " or " LEV " means any vehicle certified to low- emission standards.  h .` ` " Medium-duty vehicle " or " MDV " means any pre-1995 model year heavy-duty vehicle having a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of 8,500 pounds or less, any 1992 and subsequent model-year heavy-duty low-emission, ultra-low-emission, or zero-emission vehicle having a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of 14,000 pounds or less, or any 1995 and subsequent model year heavy duty vehicle having a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of 14,000 pounds or less.  Be .` ` " Methane Reactivity Adjustment Factor " means a factor applied to the mass of methane emissions from natural gas fueled vehicles for the purpose of determining the gasoline equivalent ozone-forming potential of the methane emissions.  r .` ` " Methanol " means any fuel for motor vehicles and motor vehicle engines that is composed of either commercially available or chemically pure methanol (CH3OH) and gasoline as specified in section 9.a. (Fuel Specifications) of these procedures. The required fuel blend is based on the type of methanol-fueled vehicle being certified and the particular aspect of the certification procedure being conducted.  s .` ` " Methanol vehicle " means any motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated using methanol as a fuel.  Bf .` ` " Natural gas " means either compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas.  Bg .` ` " Natural gas vehicle " means any motor vehicle that is engineered and designed to be operated using either compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas.  z .` ` " Non-methane organic gas " (or " NMOG ") means the sum of non- oxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbons contained in a gas sample as measured in accordance with the "California Non-Methane Organic Gas Test Procedures" as adopted July 12, 1991 and last amended  September 22, 1993 ______________.  n .` ` " Non-regeneration emission test " means a complete emission test which does not include a regeneration.  x .` ` " Organic Material Hydrocarbon Equivalent" (or "OMHCE") means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, methanol, and formaldehyde as contained in a gas sample, expressed as gasoline-fueled vehicle hydrocarbons. In the case of exhaust emissions, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. In the case of diurnal and hot-soak emissions, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratios of the equivalent hydrocarbons are 2.33:1 and 2.2:1, respectively.  Ar .` ` " Organic material non-methane hydrocarbon equivalent " (or " OMNMHCE ") for methanol-fueled vehicles means the sum of the carbon mass contribution of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons (excluding methane), methanol, and formaldehyde as contained in a gas sample, expressed as gasoline-fueled hydrocarbons. For ethanol-fueled vehicles, "organic material non-methane hydrocarbon equivalent" (or "OMNMHCE") means the sum of carbon mass contribution of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons (excluding methane), methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde as contained in a gas sample, expressed as gasoline-fueled hydrocarbons.  w .` ` " Otto-cycle " means powered by an engine where the primary means of controlling power output is by limiting the amount of air and fuel which can enter the combustion chambers of the engine. Gasoline-fueled engines are otto-cycle engines.  Aq .` ` " Ozone deterioration factor " means a factor applied to the mass of NMOG emissions from TLEVs, LEVs, or ULEVs which accounts for changes in the ozone-forming potential of the NMOG emissions from a vehicle as it accumulates mileage.  Ah .` ` " Parallel hybrid electric vehicle " means any vehicle which allows power to be delivered to the driven wheels by either a combustion engine and/or by a battery powered electric motor.  d .` ` " Passenger car " or " PC " means any motor vehicle designed primarily for transportation of persons and having a design capacity of 12 persons or less.  l .` ` " Periodically regenerating trap oxidizer system " means a trap oxidizer system that utilizes, during normal driving conditions for cleaning the trap, an automated regeneration mode which can be easily detected.  An .` ` " Reactivity adjustment factor " or " RAF " means a fraction applied to the mass of NMOG emissions from a vehicle powered by a fuel other than conventional gasoline for the purpose of determining a gasoline-equivalent NMOG emission value. The reactivity adjustment factor is defined as the ozone-forming potential of the exhaust from a vehicle powered by a fuel other than conventional gasoline divided by the ozone-forming potential of conventional gasoline vehicle exhaust.  k .` ` " Regeneration " means the process of oxidizing accumulated particulate matter. It may occur continually or periodically.  o .` ` " Regeneration emission test " means a complete emission test which includes a regeneration.  p .` ` " Regeneration interval " means the interval from the start of a regeneration to the start of the next regeneration.  Ag .` ` " Series hybrid electric vehicle " means any vehicle which allows power to be delivered to the driven wheels solely by a battery powered electric motor, but which also incorporates the use of a combustion engine to provide power to the battery and/or electric motor. ` ` " SuperLowEmission Vehicle " or " SLEV " means any mediumduty vehicle certified to super lowemission standards.  Ab .` ` " Transitional low-emission vehicle " or " TLEV " means any vehicle certified to transitional low-emission standards.  j .` ` " Trap oxidizer system " means an emission control system which consists of a trap to collect particulate matter and a mechanism to oxidize the accumulated particulate. ` ` " Type 1 HEV " means a hybrid electric vehicle that is certified to the ULEV exhaust emission standards, including evaporative and fuel marketing emissions, has a allelectric range corresponding to Category A, B, C, D, E, F or G and has been determined by the Executive Officer to employ adequate technological safeguards to maximize allelectric operation. ` ` " Type 2 HEV " means a hybrid electric vehicle that is certified to the ULEV exhaust emission standards, including evaporative and fuel marketing emissions, and has a range corresponding to Category A, B, C, D, E, F or G. ` ` " Type 3 HEV " means a hybrid electric vehicle that is certified to the TLEV, LEV or ULEV exhaust emission standards and has a range corresponding to Category AA, A, B, C, D, E, F or G.  Av .` ` " Type C 3 Category AA hybrid electric vehicle " means a hybrid electric vehicle which achieves a range of 0 to 3 29 miles in the All-Electric Range Test, while maintaining minimal the specified speed and time requirements throughout the test and without use of the auxiliary power unit, or which has been designated by the manufacturer as having a range of less than 4 30 miles without the use of the auxiliary power unit. This definition shall also apply to any hybrid electric vehicle which allows the operator to control the time or mode of operation of the auxiliary power unit either directly or indirectly (with the exception that a mechanism which allows the operator only to shut off the auxiliary power unit is permissible for Category A, B, C, and D HEVs), to any hybrid electric vehicle which can be operated solely through the use of the auxiliary power unit, to any hybrid electric vehicle which utilizes a climate control system that cannot be operated without using the auxiliary power unit, and all other types of hybrid electric vehicles, excluding Type A and Type B hybrid electric vehicles.  At .` `  " Type B hybrid electric vehicle " means a hybrid electric vehicle which achieves a range of 59 miles in the All-Electric Range Test, while maintaining minimal speed and time requirements throughout the test and without use of the auxiliary power unit.  Au .` `  " Type A hybrid electric vehicle " means a hybrid electric vehicle which achieves a minimum range of 60 miles in the All-Electric Range Test, while maintaining minimal speed and time requirements throughout the test and without use of the auxiliary power unit.   Ad .` ` " Ultra-low-emission vehicle " or " ULEV " means any vehicle certified to ultra-low emission standards.  q .` ` " Useful Life " means a period of use denoted by the emission standards to which a given vehicle is certifying. For those light-duty and medium-duty vehicles certified to optional 100,000 mile standards and those 1993 and subsequent vehicles certified to 100,000 mile emission standards, and those transitional low-emission, low-emission, and ultra-low-emission vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles, certified to 100,000 mile emission standards, the useful life shall be 10 years or 100,000 miles, whichever first occurs. For 1995 and subsequent medium-duty vehicles and medium-duty low-emission and ultra-low emission vehicles certified to 120,000 mile emission standards, the useful life shall be 11 years or 120,000 miles, whichever first occurs. For light-duty and medium-duty vehicles, certified only to 50,000 miles, the useful life shall be 5 years or 50,000 miles, whichever first occurs.  Ae .` ` " Zero-emission vehicle " or " ZEV " means any vehicle which is certified by the Executive Officer to produce zero emissions of any criteria pollutants under any and all possible operational modes and conditions. Incorporation of a fuel fired heater shall not preclude a vehicle from being certified as a ZEV provided the fuel fired heater cannot be operated at ambient temperatures above 40o F and the heater is demonstrated to have zero evaporative emissions under any and all possible operational modes and conditions.   @3-@ 3.Standards The following standards represent the maximum projected exhaust emissions for the useful life of the vehicle. a.` ` [No Change] b.` ` [No Change] c.` ` [No Change] d.` ` [No Change] e.` ` [No Change] f.` ` [No Change] g.` ` The exhaust emissions from new 1992 and subsequent model-year transitional low-emission vehicles, low-emission vehicles, and ultra-low-emission vehicles and equivalent zeroemission vehicles shall not exceed: O EXHAUST MASS EMISSION STANDARDS * FOR TRANSITIONAL LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES, LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES,  AND ULTRA-LOW-EMISSION VEHICLES, AND EQUIVALENT  ZEROEMISSION VEHICLES IN PASSENGER CAR AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCK W VEHICLE CLASSES 6,7,8,9,10ă 0 ["grams per mile" (or "g/mi")] X` hXp h (#%'0*,.8135@8: