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Á¡!yÁ¤!eÁ©!aÁ¯!rÁµ!sÁ¸!.Á½-ð.ûArial{g--!C¡6!B¡B!1¡M!CÓ6!BÓB!2ÓM!Cô5!BôA!3ôL!C7!BC!4N!C6!BB!5M-ð-ü-ððÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ gÑ  ÑÑ\RØ'3 Letter Landscape\Ñ `Ý ƒO¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ‡XçìXXXÔB„7Ô#†X¶sXXXçì#Ô(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regularð¿ @{®Gáz´?@ð?¸…ëQ¸¾?ð?ð? ×£p= ·?ð?ÍTABLE B ÿÿÿd(f3¤B$££Ý ƒ¨!ÝÔ€X– XXXÔÔ€X– XXX– ÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxd( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó3&4'Müÿ << deUU…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(n$––ò ò(Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú)ó ó &(' I&mage <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKüÿP PdMO&PQCþÿ<< CÿÿõÿÿÿÿdƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(f3¤B$§§Ý ƒ¨!ÝÔ€X– XXXÔÔ€X– XXX– ÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý(f3¤B$¢¢Ý ƒ¨!ÝÔ€X– XXXÔÔ€X– XXX– ÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó??'÷ÿ dxdÝ ƒ¨!ÝÔ€X– XXXÔÔ€X– XXX– ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ݛԀ X‡žXXX– ÔÓ  ÓÓ  Óò òÑ7€‡žXXdðdÈ7ÑÑ€ÑAPPENDIX€BÐ ° ÐÌCOMMENTS€ON€ÌTHE€U.S.€ENVIRONMENTAL€PROTECTION€AGENCYððS€PROPOSED€ÌNATIONAL€AMBIENT€AIR€QUALITY€STANDARD€FOR€OZONEó óÐ pÀ ÐÓ‘ÓÌò òÌÌSUMMARY€€ó óÐ 0 € ÐÌà  àœThe›€body€of€scientific€studies€that€measured€ozone€exposure€and€response€in€humansÏindicate€that€the€current€one„hour€federal€standard€of€0.12€parts€per€million€(ppm)€is€not€healthÏprotective€„„€people€experience€harmful€effects€at€the€level€of€the€current€standard€and€at€lowerÏlevels€with€multi„hour€exposures.€€Californiaððs€own€state€standard€for€ozone€of€0.09ppm€overÏone€hour€has€been€substantially€more€protective€than€the€federal€standard€for€the€last€ten€years.€ÏThe€California€standard€continues€to€be€supported€by€subsequent€health€studies.€€The€scienceÏindicates€that€adequate€health€protection€against€both€hourly€and€daily€exposures€can€be€achievedÏwith€either€an€appropriate€one„hour€standard€or€an€appropriate€eight„hour€standard.€€ÌÌà  àThe€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(U.S.€EPA)€proposes€to€replace€the€currentÏstandard€with€an€eight„hour€standard€set€at€0.08ppm.€€On€the€surface,€the€proposal€may€appear€toÏbe€significantly€more€stringent€than€the€current€standard,€but€the€eight„fold€increase€in€exposureÏtime€combined€with€the€relaxed€form€œdilutes›€the€effect.€€To€satisfy€the€requirement€in€federal€lawÏto€protect€public€œhealth›€with€a€margin€of€safety,€U.S.€EPA€must€carefully€consider€how€all€of€theÏelements€of€a€standard€affect€the€degree€of€health€protection.€€The€scientific€evidence€andÏextensive€air€quality€monitoring€data€from€California€indicate€that€the€proposed€federal€eight„¼hour€standard€for€ozone€of€0.08€ppm€could€offer€protection€close€to€that€of€the€California€one„¼hour€standard€if€œthe›€most€health„protective€interpretation€of€the€œstandard€were€used.›€€TheÏinterpretation€supported€by€the€health€studies€would€be€a€standard€exceeded€at€a€level€of€0.081Ïppm,€with€no€more€than€one€exceedance€allowed€per€year,€on€average€(or€an€equivalent€statisticalÏapproach).Ìò òÌBACKGROUNDÌÌó óÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔà  àÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž #ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔBoth€the€State€of€California€and€U.S.EPAÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž_ #ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔ€have€established€ambient€air€quality€standards.€Ð $à" ÐState€and€national€ambient€air€quality€standards€set€legal€maximum€limits€on€the€level€of€an€airÏpollutant€in€the€outdoor€(ambient)€air€necessary€to€protect€public€health€and€the€environment.€ÏThe€health„based€national€ambient€air€quality€standards€(NAAQS)€are€designed€to€protect€publicÏhealth€and€must€include€an€adequate€margin€of€safety.€€Health€protection€is€the€only€legal€basisÏfor€the€selection€of€these€standards.€œÐ  @)$' Л€€à  àThe€NAAQS€are€established€through€a€carefully€considered€process€that€is€designed€toÐ ° Ðuse€the€best€scientific€information€available,€with€an€opportunity€for€public€input,€as€well€asÏreview€by€recognized€independent€scientific€experts„„the€Clean€Air€Scientific€AdvisoryÏCommittee€(CASAC).€€Californiaððs€health„based€state€ambient€air€quality€standards€are€setÏindependently€by€the€California€Air€Resources€Board,€also€based€solely€on€a€review€of€theÏscience.€€A€comparison€of€the€current€and€proposed€federal€ozone€standards,€and€the€currentÏCalifornia€standard,€is€presented€in€Table€B„1.ÌÌÌÔ*wƒddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#wÔÔ,edd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,Ddd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ .€$  p  „„…….ÐÓ  Óò òTable€B„1Ð „ Ô  ÐOzone€Standardsó óÐ <€-"tÄ  $ „„<ÐÓ`Óò òAveragingÐ øH  ÐTimeó óÐ 4*è8  „„4Ðò òLeveló óÐ 0€øH " „„0ÐÓ  Óò òFormó óÐ øH  ÐÓ‚ÓÔ#† X‡žXXX‡žÊ #ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ 8€%è8  ……8ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡žà#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔò òPROPOSED€FEDERAL€STANDARDó óÔ#† X‡žXXX‡žZ#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ *€l¼  *Ð8€hoursÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž»#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ "ð@ "ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž.#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔ0.08€ppmÐ € ð@ Ð3„yr€average€of€3rd€high€value,€Ô#† X‡žXXX‡ž’#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔòòhighest€monitoróóÐ /€ð@ ……/Ðò òCURRENT€FEDERAL€STANDARDó óÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ *€tÄ *ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž¾#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔ1€hourÐ "øH "ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž*#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔ0.12€ppmÐ € øH Ð1€exceedance€per€year,€on€average,€òòhighest€monitoróóÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž”#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ /€øH ……/Ðò òCALIFORNIA€STANDARDó óÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž4#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÐ /€|Ì ‹‹/ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž¾#Ô1€hourÐ ,€P ‹‹,Ð0.09€ppmÐ .€P ‹‹.ÐÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔStatistical€equivalent€to€1€exceedance€per€year,€on€average,€òòhighestÐ P ÐmonitoróóÐ&ð@   &ÐÔ#† X‡žXXX‡ž—#ÔÔ‡X‡žXX X‡žÔÌà  àThe€level€of€a€standard€is€expressed€as€the€concentration€of€ozone€in€the€ambient€air,€inÏparts€per€million.€€U.S.€EPA€proposes€to€change€the€averaging€period€from€one€hour€toÏeighthours.€€The€form€represents€the€statistical€expression€of€a€given€standard€or€the€attainmentÏtest.€€The€form€of€the€current€federal€standard€requires€that€an€area€not€exceed€the€level€of€theÏstandard€more€than€once€a€year,€on€average,€to€be€considered€in€attainment.€€The€proposed€formÏwould€replace€the€exceedance€approach€with€a€calculated€average€concentration€that€cannotÏexceed€the€level€of€the€standard€to€be€considered€in€attainment.Ô#† X‡žXXX‡že#Ôò òÐ  "ð$ ÐÌCURRENT€FEDERAL€STANDARDó óÐ €$Ð& ÐÌà  àRecent€health€studies€support€the€conclusion€that€the€current€federal€ozone€standard€ofÏ0.12€ppm€averaged€over€one€hour€is€not€protective€of€public€health.€€Studies€of€both€healthyÏpeople€and€asthmatics€show€adverse€effects€in€the€lung€in€response€to€one€to€three€hour€exposuresÏto€ozone€at€levels€as€low€as€0.12€ppm.€€Numerous€studies,€completed€since€the€last€review,€showÏtransient€changes€in€pulmonary€function,€respiratory€symptoms,€decreased€exercise€œperformance,›Ïand€increased€airway€responsiveness.€€Community€health€(epidemiological)€studies€show€anÏincrease€in€symptoms,€aggravation€of€asthma€and€increased€hospital€admissions€for€respiratoryÐ ,P'. Ðillness€consistent€with€the€clinical€studies.€€œSome›€of€the€most€significant€short„term€(one€to€threeÏhours)€exposure€studies€and€results€are€cited€below.ÌÌ„à0  àHealthy€subjects€experience€decrements€in€pulmonary€function€while€intermittentlyÐ €Ð Ðexercising€during€short„term€exposures€to€ozone€levels€as€low€as€0.12€ppm.€€Symptoms€ofÏcough€and€respiratory€irritation€also€occur.€€(McDonnell€et€al.,€1983;€Kulle€et€al.,€1985;ÏSeal€et€al.,€1993).€€In€addition,€exposure€to€0.12€ppm€ozone€results€in€decreased€athleticÏexercise€performance€(Linder€et€al.,€1988).€€Furthermore,€studies€of€healthy€children€atÏsummer€camp€support€the€association€between€increased€ambient€ozone€exposures€andÏdecreased€lung€function€(Spektor€et€al.,€1988,€1991;€Spektor€and€Lippmann,€1991;ÏRaizenne€et€al.,€1987,€1989;€Higgins€et€al.,€1990;€Gross€et€al.,€1991;€Avol€et€al.,€1990,Ï1991).Ð (#(# ÐÌ„à0  àIndividuals€with€asthma€are€also€adversely€affected€by€exposure€to€0.12€ppm€ozone.€Ð à0  ÐExposure€to€0.12€ppm€ozone€sensitizes€adolescent€asthmatics€to€a€subsequent€respiratoryÏchallenge€(Koenig€et€al.,€1990).€€In€addition,€various€tests€of€lung€function€and€capacityÏshow€adverse€effects€of€0.12€ppm€ozone€exposure€on€adolescent€asthmatics€(Koenig€etÏal.,€1985;€Koenig€et€al.,€1987;€Koenig€et€al.,1988).€€Furthermore,€some€adult€asthmaticsÏalso€experience€an€increase€in€bronchial€responsiveness€following€exposure€to€0.12€ppmÏfor€one€hour€at€rest€(Molfino€et€al.,€1991).€Ð (#(# ÐÌ„à0  àStudies€of€hospital€admissions€for€respiratory€causes€indicate€that€admissions€increase€asÐ `° Ðambient€ozone€levels€increase€for€both€asthmatics€and€the€elderly€(Thurston€et€al.,€1992;ÏThurston€et€al.,€1994;€Burnett€et€al.,€1994;€Delfino€et€al.,€1994;€Schwartz€1994a,€b,€c).Ð (#(# ÐÌ„à0  àHundreds€of€studies€of€laboratory€animals€confirm€that€actual€cellular€and€tissue€damageÐ  p Ðoccur€in€the€respiratory€tract€after€low„level€ozone€exposure€(U.S.€EPA,€1996a,€b).€€SomeÏof€these€studies€indicate€that€repeated€exposure€to€ozone,€such€as€occurs€under€ambientÏconditions,€can€lead€to€chronic€structural€changes€in€the€lungs€(Chang€et€al.,€1992;€1995;ÏHarkema€et€al.,€1993;€Tyler€et€al.,€1988).€€Such€studies€suggest€that€similar€phenomenaÏoccur€in€humans.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àThese€studies€support€the€finding€of€CASAC€that€the€current€federal€one„hour€standard€ofÏ0.12€ppm€is€not€sufficiently€health€protective.ÌÌò òPROPOSED€FEDERAL€OZONE€STANDARDó óÐ €%Ð # ÐÌà  àIn€addition€to€the€evidence€showing€effects€after€short„term€ozone€exposure€at€the€level€ofÏthe€current€federal€standard,€œrecent›€studies€œdemonstrate›€adverse€effects€from€6.6€hours€of€ozoneÏexposure€at€lower€levels.€€Multi„hour€(four€to€6.6€hours)€ozone€exposures€cause€decreasedÏpulmonary€function,€increased€respiratory€symptoms€and€inflammation,€decreased€exerciseÏœperformance,›€and€increased€airway€responsiveness.€€The€evidence€that€prolonged€ozone€exposure€œÐ   +p&) ÐÑ€³/Ññ ñÑ€›ãÑñ ññ ñÑ€šãÑñ ñis›€harmful€is€the€basis€for€œthe›€proposal€to€replace€the€current€one„hour€œfederal€standard›€with€anÏeight„hour€standard.€€This€shift€would€offer€significant€benefits€to€areas€of€the€country€(especiallyÏthe€eastern€U.S.)€which€experience€prolonged€exposure€to€ozone€at€levels€below€the€currentÏfederal€standard.€€€€€€ÌÌà  àThe€science€indicates€that€concerns€about€multi„hour€ozone€exposures€are€important,€butÏaddressing€prolonged€exposure€does€not€eliminate€the€need€to€consider€the€well„documentedÏhistory€of€adverse€effects€from€peak,€one„hour€ozone€exposures.€€Californiaððs€cities€generallyÏexperience€more€pronounced€peak€ozone€levels,€with€downwind€rural€areas€subject€to€theÏœprolonged,›€lower€exposures€typical€in€the€East.€€To€provide€adequate€public€health€protection€onÏa€national€basis,€the€federal€standard€œmust›€address€both€harmful€one„hour€and€multi„hour€ozoneÏexposures.€€ÌÌà  àU.S.€EPA€proposes€to€use€a€new€approach€for€the€ð ðformðð€of€the€health„based€ozoneÏstandard.€€The€form€of€a€standard€defines€how€attainment€is€determined€and€affects€the€amount€ofÏair€quality€improvement€needed.€€All€elements€of€an€ambient€air€quality€standard€œ„„›€the€level,€theÏaveraging€time,€the€form,€and€the€exceedance€level€œ„„›€are€important€in€determining€the€degree€ofÏprotection€provided€by€a€standard.€€Ô‡X‡žXX X‡žÔThe€form€of€the€current€federal€standard€requires€that€an€areaÐ  ð Ðnot€exceed€the€level€of€the€standard€more€than€once€a€year,€on€average,€to€be€considered€inÏattainment.€€The€proposed€form€would€replace€the€exceedance€approach€with€a€œcalculated,›Ïaverage€concentration€that€cannot€exceed€the€level€of€the€standard€to€be€considered€in€attainment.€ÏSpecifically,€Ô#† X‡žXXX‡ž³.#ÔU.S.€EPA€proposes€to€use€the€three„year€average€of€the€third€highest€concentrationsÐ `° Ðmeasured€each€year€at€the€highest€monitor.€€This€concentration„based€value€would€then€beÏcompared€to€the€standard€of€0.085€ppm€to€determine€each€areaððs€attainment€status.€€The€proposedÏform€would€essentially€allow€multiple€exceedances€of€the€standard€to€be€excused€each€year.€ÌÌò òòòProtection€against€multi„hour€exposures.€€ó óóóThe€6.6€hour€health€studies€show€evidence€of€harmfulÐ ` Ðeffects€when€people€are€exposed€to€ozone€concentrations€as€low€as€0.08€ppm.€€Since€adverseÏeffects€were€demonstrated€after€6.6€hours€of€exposure€or€less,€setting€an€eight„hour€standard€atÏthe€same€level€of€exposure€lessens€the€protection.€€With€health€effects€at€the€level€of€the€œproposedÏstandard,›€seemingly€small€details€about€how€the€standard€would€be€interpreted€and€appliedÏbecome€important.€€These€details€include€the€level€at€which€the€standard€would€be€exceeded€andÏthe€specific€form€of€the€standard.€€ÌÌò òòòProtection€against€peak,€one„hour€exposures.€€ó óóóTo€evaluate€the€protection€against€peak,€one„hourÐ $à" Ðexposures,€we€looked€at€how€the€proposed€eight„hour€standard€compares€to€a€one„hour€level.€ÏAnalyses€of€California€monitoring€data€for€ozone,€from€all€sites€statewide€between€1993€andÏ1995,€show€that€U.S.€EPAððs€proposed€eight„hour€standard€is€roughly€equivalent€to€a€one„hourÏvalue€of€0.114€ppm€„„€just€below€the€current€federal€standard.€€This€comparison€provides€aÏgeneral€indication€of€how€the€one„€and€eight„hour€values€relate€to€each€other€on€a€statewide€basis.€ÏAnalysis€of€each€individual€monitoring€site€(or€air€basin)€would€produce€a€slightly€differentÏresult,€as€would€any€analysis€based€on€other€years€of€data.ÌÐ ,`'* Ðà  àA€form€of€the€standard€that€allows€multiple€exceedances€each€year€to€be€excused€is€notÏconsistent€with€the€health€evidence.€€Repeated€exposure€to€ozone€can€cause€inflammation€of€theÏlung€and€carry€an€attendant€risk€of€long„term€effects.€€U.S.€EPA€recognizes€the€potential€effectsÏof€repeated€inflammation€of€the€lungs,€yet€the€agency€dismisses€the€effects€by€stating€ð ðmost,€ifÏnot€all,€of€these€effects€begin€to€resolve€in€most€individuals€within€24€hours€if€the€exposure€toÏozone€is€not€repeated.ðð€€This€statement€does€not€reflect€the€reality€of€ozone€episodes€in€CaliforniaÏwhere€levels€can€be€high€for€several€days€in€a€row€under€stagnant€weather€conditions.€€ÌÌà  àThe€scientific€evidence€can€support€an€eight„hour€ozone€standard€of€0.08€ppm,€with€aÏmore€protective€interpretation€of€two€of€the€proposed€details.€€First,€retaining€the€current€form,Ïexpressed€as€one€exceedance€per€year€(or€the€statistical€equivalent),€would€significantly€improveÏthe€health€protection€offered€by€the€proposed€eight„hour€standard.€€Second,€tightening€the€level€atÏwhich€the€standard€is€exceeded€„„€from€the€current€rounding€convention€of€0.085€ppm€toÏœ0.081ppm›€„„€would€provide€additional€protection€against€œpeak›€one„hour€exposures.€€This€changeÏwould€better€align€the€standard€with€the€lowest€concentrations€observed€to€produce€adverseÏeffects.€€ÌÌà  àAn€eight„hour€federal€ozone€standard€of€0.08€ppm,€exceeded€at€0.081€and€based€on€aÏsingle€exceedance€per€year€would€provide€adequate€protection€against€both€short„term,€one„hourÏexposures€and€prolonged€multi„hour€exposures.€€Such€a€federal€standard€would€be€comparable€toÏthe€current€California€ozone€standard.€€ÌòòÌóóò òU.S.€EPAððS€ALTERNATIVE€PROPOSALS€FOR€OZONEó ó€€Ð P  ÐÌà  àU.S.€EPA€has€also€requested€comments€on€the€suitability€of€an€eight„hour€averagedÏstandard€set€at€0.09€ppm.€€Although€U.S.€EPA€characterized€the€relative€protection€afforded€by€aÏstandard€of€0.08€versus€0.09€as€fairly€close,€analyses€of€the€limitations€of€œthe›€risk€assessment€andÏthe€air€quality€data€indicate€important€differences€between€the€two€levels.ÌÌà  àFirst,€like€most€risk€assessment€models,€those€used€by€U.S.€EPA€may€not€capture€theÏupper€or€lower€ends€of€the€distributions€of€exposure€or€response€very€well.€€The€likelyÏunderrepresentation€of€the€individuals€at€risk€for€repeated€high€exposures€will€to€tend€to€representÏthe€0.08€and€0.09€ppm€standards€as€conferring€more€health€protection€than€would€actually€occur.€€ÏSecond,€in€a€variety€of€clinical€and€field€studies,€there€is€often€a€substantial€minority€(5€to€30Ïpercent)€of€subjects€who€tend€to€be€substantially€more€susceptible€to€the€acute€effects€of€ozoneÏthan€others.€€In€most€such€individuals,€the€responsiveness€to€ozone€appears€to€be€an€intrinsicÏœcharacteristic€and›€is€reproducible€on€repeated€exposures€separated€by€weeks€to€months.€ÏU.S.EPAððs€risk€assessment€methodology€tends€to€dilute€the€potential€responses€of€this€group€andÏwould€tend€to€underestimate€the€effects€likely€to€occur€in€response€to€attainment€of€theÏalternative€standards.ÌÌà  àFinally,€analysis€of€California€air€quality€data€shows€that€an€alternative€eight„hourÏstandard€set€at€0.09€ppm€is€less€protective€than€the€current€one„hour€federal€standard.Ð ,`'* Їò òSUPPORTING€TECHNICAL€ANALYSESÐ ° ÐÌó óà  à€This€section€describes€our€analyses€of€California€air€quality€data€to€understand€theÐ à Ðimpacts€of€U.S.€EPAððs€proposal.€€To€understand€the€effect€of€an€eight„hour€ozone€standard€onÏone„hour€peaks,€we€examined€the€peak€levels€that€would€exist€if€an€eight-hour€standard€isÏachieved.ÌÌà  àThe€following€discussion€uses€some€terminology€and€notation€that€we€must€define€beforeÏproceeding.€€Our€analyses€involve€what€we€call€ð ðdesign€valuesðð€for€alternative€standards.€€WeÏapply€the€term€ð ðdesign€valueðð€according€to€one€of€its€common€meanings:€€a€value€that€is€based€onÏthe€prevailing€air€quality€data€and€calculated€using€the€specified€form€of€a€standard;€the€designÏvalue€can€then€be€compared€to€the€level€of€the€standard€to€indicate€whether€the€air€quality€dataÏð ðattainðð€the€standard€for€an€individual€site€or€a€region.€€In€many€cases,€the€regional€attainmentÏstatus€would€not€be€determined€site„by„site€but€by€the€site€with€the€highest€design€value.ÌÌà  àSome€additional€notation€reflects€the€terminology€used€in€U.S.EPAððs€Staff€PaperÏconcerning€the€ozone€NAAQS€review.€€In€the€Staff€Paper,€U.S.€EPA€distinguishes€betweenÏð ðexpected€exceedanceðð€and€ð ðconcentration„basedðð€forms€for€standards.€€€For€example,€U.S.EPAÏidentifies€the€present€one-hour€NAAQS€as€an€expected€exceedance€form,€denoted€as€ExEx1€„„Ïthe1€indicates€that€the€standard€is€attained€when€the€expected€number€of€exceedances€is€less€thanÏor€equal€to€one€per€year.€€For€the€ExEx1€standard,€the€design€value€for€a€site€is€the€fourth€highestÏdaily€maximum€one-hour€ozone€concentration€for€all€three€years€combined.ÌÌà  àIn€contrast,€U.S.€EPA€identifies€the€proposed€œeight-hour›€ozone€NAAQS€as€aÏconcentration„based€form€which€we€refer€to€as€CB3.€€The€CB3€form€is€the€average€over€threeÏyears€of€the€annual€3rd€highest€daily-maximum€eight-hour€ozone€concentrations.€€U.S.€EPA€isÏalso€considering€CBx€forms€other€than€the€CB3€form.€€The€alternatives€discussed€in€the€StaffÏPaper€are€the€three„year€average€of€the€€annual€1st,€2nd,€4th,€and€5th€highest€daily€maximumÏeight-hour€concentrations.€€For€each€of€the€CBx€alternatives,€we€use€the€CBx€statistic€as€theÏassociated€"design€valueðð.ÌÌà  àTo€compare€the€ExEx1€and€CBx€standards,€we€considered€all€of€the€ozone€air€quality€dataÏat€monitoring€sites€in€California€for€the€three„year€œperiod,›€1993-1995.€€For€each€site€where€theÏdata€met€the€required€completeness€criteria,€we€calculated€the€respective€design€values€for€theÏalternative€standards.€€As€a€general€rule,€the€various€design€values€tracked€one€another.ÌÌà  àFigureB„1€shows€a€scatter€plot€of€the€CB3€design€value€(y„axis)€versus€the€ExEx1€designÏvalue€(x„axis),€where€each€point€represents€a€monitoring€site.€€Two€characteristics€of€this€scatterÏplot€are€noteworthy.€€First,€the€general€relationship€between€the€two€design€values€appears€to€beÏlinear.€€Second,€the€points€cluster€closely€around€the€best€fitting€line€(ròò2óó€=€0.91).€€These€twoÐ @)$' Ðcharacteristics€indicate€that€a€stable,€approximately€proportional€relationship€between€the€twoÏdesign€values€may€persist€across€a€wide€range€of€pollution€levels€(the€y-intercept€for€the€line€isÏclose€to€zero).€œÐ ,`'* ÐÑšãÑÑ t ÑÑTRP Ø'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Ø'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  Ññ ñÑ›ãÑÑ t ÑÑTRP Ø'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Ø'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  Ññ ñßm€<9)%`|0  «' `Àˆ E°°0*À0*ÀeeÆ*Vmßâ °±°±°à.°à.â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±âÐ à0°±°± Ðѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ññ ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ññ ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ññ ññ ñßt€<>.*jx0—ØMl `€€@E,ýlðlð,ýlðtßñ ññ ññ ññ ñßt€<>.*jx0—ØMl `€€@E,ýlðlð,ýlðtßñ ññ ññ ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ñßt€G>.*jxÎÔÆ l `€€@E,vlðlð,vlðtßñ ññ ññ ññ ñѳ/ÑÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÑ  Ññ ññ ñ›à  àFigure€B„2€shows€regression€lines€that€relate€design€values€for€the€five€CBx€alternatives€„„Ð ° ÐCB1,€CB2,€CB3,€CB4,€and€CB5€„„€to€the€ExEx1€design€value.€The€x€and€y€coordinates€of€a€pointÏon€a€line€represent€approximately€equivalent€levels€for€the€forms€of€their€respective€one„hour€andÏeight„hour€standards.€€For€example,€the€CB3€line€on€the€graph€has€a€point€for€which€the€x-axis€isÏclose€to€0.130ppm€and€the€y-axis€is€close€to€0.095ppm,€which€indicates€that€these€two€levels€areÏapproximately€equivalent€for€the€CB3€eight-hour€and€the€ExEx1€one-hour€forms€of€a€standard.ÌÌà  àAccording€to€Figure€B„2,€the€proposed€eight-hour€standard€(CB3€at€0.085€ppm)€isÏapproximately€equivalent€to€a€one-hour€ExEx1€standard€at€a€level€of€0.114ppm.€€In€other€words,Ïthe€proposed€eight-hour€standard€seems€to€be€somewhat€stronger€than€the€present€one-hourÏNAAQS€at€the€level€of€0.125ppm.€€ÌÌà  àFigures€B„1€and€B„2€are€snapshots€in€time€for€all€California€sites€with€completeÏmonitoring€data.€€The€precise€€ð ðequivalencyðð€of€one„hour€and€eight„hour€values€will€vary€fromÏindividual€site€to€site,€as€will€analyses€run€against€a€different€set€of€data€years.€€However,Ïanalyses€for€each€individual€monitoring€site€and€for€a€wider€range€of€years€confirm€that€theÏrelationship€between€the€daily€maximum€eight-hour€and€one-hour€average€ozone€concentrationsÏremains€highly€correlated€and€linear.€€This€relationship€implies€that€the€same€factors€that€lead€toÏhigh€one-hour€maxima€also€lead€to€high€eight-hour€maxima.€€ÌÌà  àSetting€the€CB3€level€to€0.081ppm€(an€alternative€U.S.€EPA€is€considering)€would€beÏlike€setting€the€level€for€a€one-hour€ExEx1€standard€to€0.107€ppm.€€As€expected,€an€eight-hourÏstandard€at€0.081ppm€would€be€more€protective€than€an€eight-hour€standard€at€0.085ppm.€€InÏeach€of€these€cases,€the€nominal€level€of€the€standard€is€0.08€ppm,€and€the€difference€arises€in€theÏnumber€of€significant€digits€and€the€ð ðrounding€conventionðð€to€be€used€when€comparing€measuredÏair€quality€data€to€the€standard.ÌÌà  àThe€precision€of€ozone€air€quality€data€appears€to€be€sufficient€to€support€a€standard€ofÏ0.080ppm€(that€is,€with€the€third€decimal€digit€"significant").€€In€addition,€an€eight-hour€averageÏwould€have€better€precision€than€a€single€hourly€average,€further€supporting€the€use€of€the€thirdÏdecimal€digit.€€There€is€no€technical€reason€to€limit€the€level€of€an€eight-hour€standard€to€twoÏsignificant€figures.€€Therefore,€both€0.085ppm€and€0.081ppm€seem€to€be€legitimate€options€forÏthe€level€of€an€eight-hour€ozone€standard.€ñ ñœñ ñÌÌÐ  $à" Ðœò òñ ñÓ  ÓÓ¿fÓ›ñ ñÑTRP Ø'3 Letter LandscapeY3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' LetterTÑó óñ ñÑ t Ññ ñßm€<9)%`|0  RÏ `Àˆ E°°0*À0*ÀeeÆ*Vmßâ °±°±°à.°à.â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±âÐ à0°±°± Ðò òÑTRY3Ø' LetterP Ø'3 Letter Landscape 3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeTÑREFERENCESó ó›Ð ° Ð̜ԇ XçìXX XçìÔà0  àà ° àAvol,€E.€L.;€Trim,€S.€C.;€Little,€D.€E.;€Spier,€C.€E.;€Smith,€M.€N.;€Peng,€R.€C.;€Linn,€W.€S.;Ð à ÐHackney,›€J.€D.€(1991)€€Ozone€exposure€and€lung€function:€€a€southern€California€œsummerÏcamp›€study.€€In:€€Berglund,€R.€L.;€Lawson,€D.€R.;€McKee,€D.€J.,€eds.€Tropospheric€œozoneÏand›€the€environment:€€papers€from€an€international€conference;€March€œ1990;ÏLos›Angeles,€CA.€Pittsburgh,€PA:€€Air€&€Waste€Management€Association;€pp.€90„99.Ïœ(A&WMA›€transaction€series€no.€TR„19).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àAvol,€E.€L.;€Trim,€S.€C.;€Little,€D.€E.;€Spier,€C.€E.;€Smith,€M.€N.;€Peng,€R.€C.;€Linn,€W.€S.;€à @