This page last reviewed June 11 , 2009

Air Pollution Research Reports/Studies - Atmospheric Processes


Completed Projects are listed under the following sub-categories:

Agricultural Burning Data Analysis Monitoring
Air Quality Emission Inventory Particulate Matter
Air Quality Study Emissions Reactivity
Air Quality/SCAQS Forest Air Quality Toxic Air Contaminants
Atmospheric Processes Global Air Pollution Transport
Biogenic Measurement Visibility
Chemistry Meteorology Volatile Organic Compound
Control Strategy Modeling

Agricultural Burning

CREATING A STATEWIDE SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY ALLOCATED AGRICULTURAL BURNING EMISSIONS INVENTORY USING CONSISTENT EMISSION FACTORS. Principal Investigator: Peng Gong. University of California, Berkeley. 2002. 99-714.

CREATING A STATEWIDE SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY ALLOCATED WILDFIRE AND PRESCRIBED BURN EMISSION INVENTORY USING CONSISTENT EMISSION FACTORS. Principal Investigator: Peng Gong. University of California, Berkeley. 2001. 98-726

AIR POLLUTION FROM FOREST AND AGRICULTURAL BURNING. Principal Investigator: Ellis F. Darley. University of California.1974. 2-017-1.

DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE, WINDS AND PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH OPEN FIELD BURNING. Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. 1973. University of California, Davis. ARB-2114.

Air Quality

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AEROSOL TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA USING YAADA. Principal Investigator: Jonathan O.Allen. Arizona State University. 2004. 01-338

ANALYSIS OF WEEKDAY/WEEKEND DIFFERENCES IN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN.  Principal Investigator: Warren Blier. University of California, Los Angeles.1999. 95-334.

Objectives: To determine weekend/weekday differences in emissions and ambient air quality, including implications for carryover of ozone-forming pollutants from weekdays to weekend days, and meteorological conditions of the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) influenced by human activities.

Findings:This is the second study to investigate day-of-the-week effects, where weekend days have higher ozone concentrations coincident with lower precursor emissions.  Data suggests that the carryover of pollutants may be of greater significance from Friday evening to Saturday than for other days of the week.  Limited ground observations suggest a weak carryover effect for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2. Day-of-the-week effect does not provide evidence that further NOx control is counterproductive to further ozone reductions. During 1994-5 Saturdays and Sundays, concentration reductions of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and NOx coincided with increases in ozone.  However, 1986-96 ozone concentrations declined significantly coincident with significant reductions in levels of NMHC and NOx.  A weak day-of-the-week influence was noted for aerosol concentrations and ambient temperatures, indicating some impact attributed to human activities.  Additionally, recent years seem to indicate a shift to later and short ozone seasons, with Sunday becoming the highest ozone peak day-of-the-week.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This research provided the ARB with insights into the interaction between uniform emissions control strategies and non-uniform ozone concentration reductions.  Results from this study are useful in judging the effectiveness of current ozone control strategies.  In addition, these data are especially helpful in evaluating and addressing future air quality needs in the SoCAB.

TEMPORAL, SPATIAL, AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE EMISSION EFFECTS IN THE SACRAMENTO MODELING REGION.  Principal Investigator: David M. Rocke. University of California, Davis.1998. 94-333.

Objectives: To investigate important temporal and spatial variations in emissions in the Sacramento modeling region, specifically from non-road mobile sources and industrial surface coatings and related process solvents, and to assess the effect of ambient temperature on emissions from those sources.

Findings: A GIS-based approach was developed by the investigators to spatially allocate regional or county-level emissions to units such as the grid cells that are used in photochemical air quality simulation models. They also developed statistical models by which the values of spatial surrogates can be estimated and updated using widely available data on land use and population and the U.S. Census Bureau's topographically integrated geographic encoding and referencing files.  The effects of ambient temperature and weather on the source activities were estimated based on the investigators' survey data and emissions estimates made by the ARB.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Information on temporal and spatial distributions of emissions is important to air quality monitoring, emissions inventory development, and air quality simulation and modeling.  The results of this study will allow the emissions inventory for the Sacramento area to better reflect these variations and provide insights into ways to improve emissions inventories for other areas of the state. This is of importance for air pollution control districts and the U.S. EPA.  The results of this study will be also of use in industries that use coatings, businesses or farms that use light- or heavy-duty equipment, and businesses that use pleasure craft or locomotives.

SCOS97-NARSTO 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY AND AEROSOL STUDY.  Principal Investigator: Eric M. Fujita. Desert Research Institute. 1999. 93-326.

Objectives: To conduct planning activities for the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study/North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (SCOS97-NARSTO) field study.

Findings: Research objectives were identified, a work plan developed, costs estimated, co-sponsors identifying, quality assurance plans and protocols developed, a field study plan produced, and a field management protocol delivered.  A draft field study plan is available on the Web at ww.arb.ca.gov/scos/scos.htm.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results of the SCOS97-NARSTO study are needed for a better understanding of the complex meteorological and chemical processes taking place in the region so that the most cost-effective route toward attainment of the ozone standards can be determined.  The air pollution control districts in southern California, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Navy, the North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone, and the Coordinating Research Council are co-sponsoring the field study.

CHARACTERIZATION OF OZONE EPISODES IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN:  EFFECTS OF AIR PARCEL RESIDENCE TIME AND WEEKDAY/WEEKEND DIFFERENCES.  Principal Investigator: Warren Blier. University of California, Los Angeles.1996.93-316.

Objectives:  To investigate the effects of residence time and weekday/weekend differences on ozone levels in the south coast air basin.

Findings: The subregions in the south coast air basin where control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions has apparently been most effective are the same subregions where reductions in the worst ozone episodes have been most significant.  Analyses of the relative benefits of controlling volatile organic compounds and NOx emissions did not detect a significant influence of air parcel transport between subregions at ground level.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results helped the ARB determine that there are differences in weekday and weekend ozone trends.

GUIDANCE FOR USING AIR QUALITY RELATED INDICATORS IN REPORTING PROGRESS IN ATTAINING THE STATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. Principal Investigator: Marcella Nystrom. 1993. 93-49.

SIERRA COOPERATIVE OZONE IMPACT STUDY: YEAR 2 VOLUME 1. Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. University of California, Davis. 1992. A032-129.

POTENTIAL EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY EFFECTS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS. Principal Investigator: Thomas C. Austin. Sierra Research Inc. 1989. SR89-03-04.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY:  PEROXYACETYL NITRATE (PAN) MEASUREMENTS.  Principal Investigator: Edwin L. Williams II. Daniel Grosjean and Associates, Inc.  1989. A6-099-32.

Objectives: To measure peroxyacetyl nitrate concentrations during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study.  PAN can act as a reservoir of NOx as well as of oxygenated hydrocarbons, with possible participation in ozone photochemistry in the latter case.

Findings: Maximum PAN concentrations measured at ground level and aloft conformed to expectations.  The data indicated spatial and temporal patterns consistent with current photochemistry concepts. PAN concentrations measured by another method indicated a 25-30 percent uncertainty in the measurements.

Importance to ARB’s Program: These data are useful for assessing the performance of photochemical air quality modeling efforts. Modeling is a cornerstone in the determination of future compliance with the ambient air quality standards.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY:  QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM. ENSR Consulting and Engineering.1989. A6-122-32.

Objectives: To provide quality assurance for the data collected during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study, and to document the precision, accuracy, and validity of the data.

Findings: The program identified a number of problems, and these were subsequently corrected.  Audits performed during the study also uncovered some problems, most of which were correctable with post-processing of the data.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This program illustrated the importance of a well-designed quality assurance program to the ultimate success of air pollution field studies.

SUMMARY OF SCAQS UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED BY THE STI AIRCRAFT. Principal Investigator: J. A. Anderson. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1989. A6-098-32.

PERCEPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE ODOR JIN RELATION TO SETTING AN AMBIENT STANDARD. Principal Investigator: John E. Amoore, Ph.D. Olfacto-Labs Berkeley, California. 1985. A4-046-33.

A STUDY OF NITRATE AIR QUALITY IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Glen R. Cass. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. 1983. A7-169-30.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC MUTAGENS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1981. A9-077-31.

MEASUREMENT OF AMBIENT AMMONIA CONCENTRATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Matthias Yoong. Rockwell International. 1981. A7-188-30.

THE EFFECT OF MONO LAKE ON THE AIR QUALITY IN THE MONO LAKE REGION. Principal Investigator: Bruce H. Kusko. University of California, Davis. 1981. A9-147-31.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS. Principal Investigator: Dr. James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1980. A7-175-30.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC MUTAGENS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1980. A7-138-30.

METHODS FOR SULFATE AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT. Principal Investigator: Glen R. Cass. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1980.A6-061-87.

Volume II :

Volume III:

AN INTERINDUSTRY ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS FOR THE STATE AND SUBSTATE REGIONS OF CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Everard M. Lofting. Engineering Economics Associates Berkeley, CA. 1979. A7-143-30.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION. Principal Investigator: Dr. James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1979. A6-172-30.

CORRELATIVE AND SENSITIVE DISCRIMINANTS FOR AIR QUALITY CONTROL. Principal Investigator: Russell P. Sherwin, M. D. Prof. Staff Association. 1979. A6-218-30.

FURTHER INVESTIGATION OF AIR QUALITY IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN. Principal Investigator: John B. Barone. University of California, Davis. 1979. A6-219-30.

OBSERVATION PROGRAM FOR AIR POLLUTION MODELS. Principal Investigator: Peter F. Lester. San Jose State University. 1979. A7-180-30.

EVALUATION OF EMISSION CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR AIRFIELD OPERATIONS AT THE LOS ANGELES AND SAN FRANCISCO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS. Aerovironment Inc. 1978. A7-077-30.

AIR QUALITY IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN: TRENDS, MODELING DATA BASE, AREAL DISTRIBUTION. South Coast Air Quality Management District. 1977. A6-164-70.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE CALIFORNIA DELTA REGION ON AIR QUALITY. Principal Investigator: D. B. Gemmill. Rockwell International. 1977. A6-063-87.

SOURCES OF VISIBILITY DEGREDATION IN THE LAKE TAHOE AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Davis. 1977. A-5-005-87.

Air Quality Study

CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT OF NITROGEN OXIDES ON THE WESTERN SLOPES OF THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAKE TAHOE. Principal Investigator: Ronald C. Cohen. University of California, Berkeley. 2005. 02-331

QUANTIFYING ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN OXIDES UPWIND AND IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN. Principal Investigator: Ronald C. Cohen. University of California, Berkeley. 2005. 01-327

QUALITY ASSURANCE ANALYSIS OF FILTER SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE LAKE TAHOE ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION STUDY USING SYNCHROTRON X-RAY FLUORESCENCE. Principal Investigator: Steven S. Cliff. University of California, Davis. 2005. 03-344.

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS FOR THE LAKE TAHOE ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION STUDY. Principal Investigator:Judith Chow. Desert Research Institute. 2005. 01-351

DRI LAKE TAHOE SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION STUDY. Principal Investigator: Hampden Kuhns. Desert Research Institute. 2004. 01-734

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PM EMISSION INVENTORY FOR THE LAKE TAHOE REGION. Principal Investigator: Dennis Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2004. 01-733

RADAR WIND PROFILER SUPPORT FOR CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD LAKE TAHOE ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION STUDIES: 2002-2003. Principal Investigator: Clark W. King. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2003. 01-342

MEASUREMENT OF NITROGENOUS SPECIES AND SOLAR INTENSITY DURING THE 1997 SCOS. Principal Investigator: Dennis R. Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2000. 96-540

ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WIND PROFILER AND AIRCRAFT DATA. Principal Investigator: Sharon G. Douglas. Systems Applications International, CA. 1997. 94-317

AUDIT OF RADAR WIND PROFILER NETWORK AND SELECTED SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL SITES FOR THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. ATC Associates Inc. 1999. 96-320

SURFACE AND UPPER-AIR VOC SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS DURING THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. Principal Investigator: Dennis Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 1999. 96-322.

DATA MANAGEMENT UPPER AIR METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK FOR THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. Principal Investigator: Daniel E. Wolfe. Environmental Technology Laboratory. 1998. 96-323

ENHANCEMENT OF THE EXISTING RADAR WIND PROFILER NETWORK FOR THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. 96-318

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY:  B-SITE OPERATIONS. Principal Investigator: Michael Chan. AeroVironment, Inc.1989. A5-196-32.

Objectives:  To collect a variety of air quality data at several sites on the intensive sampling days during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study to support specialized measurements made by other researchers.

Findings: All data were collected according to the contract.

Importance to ARB’s Program: These routine and specialized data on the intensive study days have been used by other researchers to understand the air quality problem better and to evaluate the performance of air quality models.

THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS WITHIN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith. California Institute of Technology. 1981. A7-165-30& A7-171-30

Volume 1:

Volume 2:

Volume 3:

Volume 4:

Volume 5:

THE EFFECTS OF PRESENT AND POTENTIAL AIR POLLUTION ON IMPORTANT SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY CROPS: SUGAR BEETS. Principal Investigator: Robert F. Brewer. University of California, Parlier. 1978.A6-161-30.

LOS ANGELES TO SAN DIEGO THREE DIMENSIONAL OZONE TRANSPORT STUDY. Principal Investigator: Erwin K. Kauper. Metro Monitoring Services. 1977. A6-090-30.

Volume 2:

FORECASTING OF POLLUTANT DOSAGES: A STUDY BY LOS ANGELES COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT FOR CARB. Principal Investigator: Eugene L. Fisher. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District. 1973. ARB-1112.

Air Quality/SCAQS

CHARACTERIZATION OF AIR QUALITY DATA FOR THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY. Principal Investigator: Ken Underwood. Aerovironment, Inc.1995. A932-079.

Objectives: To identify precursor sources and formation rates of atmospheric acidity, using data collected during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study.

Findings: A number of findings important to understanding atmospheric acidity resulted from this contract. First, formic, acetic, and total organic acid emissions were estimated for the SoCAB at 6,500, 9,000, and 19,700 kilograms/day, respectively. The ozone olefin reaction was estimated to be a major source of organic acids. Dry deposition far exceeded removal by rain, accounting for 95 percent of formic acid removal and 91 percent of acetic acid removal. Overall, dry deposition accounted for 14 times the deposition by wet processes in the SoCAB. Second, when aerosol droplets that are individually in Henry's Law equilibrium with the surrounding air were mixed together, the resulting bulk mixture was always supersaturated with weak acids and bases. Third, trajectory analysis suggested that high sulfate concentrations are associated with air parcels that passed through a fog layer the previous night. Finally, multivariate receptor analysis indicated that the atmospheric transport of gaseous precursors, and their conversion into particulate-phase acidic species, tended to decouple them from the variations observed in primary particles co-emitted with the gaseous precursors. Major sources of acidic compounds were found along the coast in these analyses.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results of this project will help guide the Board in setting atmospheric acidity and/or deposition standards, should they become necessary.

SIZE TIME COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES OF AEROSOLS DURING SCAQS. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Davis. 1990. A732-074.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY. Principal Investigator: R. A. Rasmussen. Biospherics Research Corporation. 1990. A6-179-32.

ORGANIC AND ELEMENTAL CARBON SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF LOS ANGELES AEROSOLS MEASURED DURING SCAQS. Principal Investigator: Peter H. McMurry. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 1989. A732-075.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY (SCAQS): DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT ACTIVITIES.  Principal Investigator: S. V. Hering. Sonoma Technology, Inc.1989. A5-157-32.

Objectives:  To create a reference document providing an overview of the entire 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study.

Findings:  The reference document was created.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This document is a valuable reference for those interested in using the data collected during the $12 million study.  Academics and researchers engaged in atmospheric chemistry, other states' air pollution agencies, the U.S. EPA, and various other research agencies have used this document and its associated database to reshape clean air management policy.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY:  IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOL ORGANIC AND ELEMENTAL CARBON. Oregon Graduate Center. 1989. A732-072.

Objectives: To make organic and elemental carbon measurements to provide time-resolved information on the diurnal variation in the concentrations of carbon aerosols.  Carbon is a major component of the aerosol burden in the Los Angeles area.

Findings:  Both organic and elemental carbon exhibited large diurnal variations.  The limited amount of data indicate that the carbon aerosol burden is higher in the fall than in the summer.  The origin of the carbon appears to be directly emitted (primary) during the fall; during the summer, primary carbon was dominant on some days and photochemically produced carbon (secondary) was dominant on other days.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This study provided additional insight into the nature of carbon aerosol and will be useful for further research and the design of future studies and control policies.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY - FALL STUDY. Principal Investigator: B. R. Appel. California Department Health Services, Berkeley. 1988. A732-089.

THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY: TUNABLE DIODE LASER ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS OF H2O2 AND H2CO AT THE CLAREMONT AND LONG BEACH "A" SITES. Principal Investigator: G. I. Mackay. Unisearch Associates Inc. 1988. A732-073.

Atmospheric Processes

HOW NEW CHEMISTRY FINDINGS AFFECT OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE WEEKEND EFFECT A MODELING STUDY. Principal Investigator: Donald Dabdub, Ph.D. University of California, Irvine. 2008. 04-333

DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF AN AEROSOL TRACER TECHNIQUE BASED ON NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FOR STUDYING CYCLICAL DEPOSITION AND RESUSPENSION OF AEROSOLS FROM SURFACES. Principal Investigator: Keith D. Stolzenbach and Arthur M. Winer, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles. 2008. 04-345

DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Yuji Horie. Technology Service Inc. 1979. A7-163-30.

Biogenic

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF DATABASES FOR MODELING BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS IN CALIFORNIA’S AIRSHEDS.  Principal Investigator: Arthur M. Winer, Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles. 2001. 97-320.

Objective: The objective of this project is to produce gridded, speciated, day-specific biogenic hydrocarbon (BHC) inventories for the entire state of California.  Investigators will: (1) use a photoionization detection system to measure total hydrocarbon emissions from at least 300 never-before-sampled California plant species, identifying both emitters and non-emitters; (2) develop and test taxonomic and structural class methodologies for estimating leaf biomass constants; (3) conduct leaf biomass sampling among high-emitting oak species in rangeland environments and develop statistically robust data on leaf biomass per volume ratios; and (4) conduct a quantitative, field-based analysis of the “gaps in the United States ecological inventory” (GAP) geographic information system (GIS) land cover vegetation database for the San Joaquin Valley.

Importance to ARB’s Program: In those California airsheds where the land is mostly covered by vegetation, accurate BHC inventories are critical for determining the proper mix of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emissions control strategies.  Legislative mandates also require that emissions inventories, which are used as tools for air pollution decision-makers, be as accurate and complete as the state of the science permits. The databases and maps resulting from this study will help ARB staff to develop accurate and reliable biogenic hydrocarbon emissions simulation.  Project investigators will work collaboratively with ARB staff to further develop these data and methodologies into a state-of-the-science statewide BHC emissions inventory for California.

WHOLE ECOSYSTEM MEASUREMENTS OF BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS. Principal Investigator: Dr. Allen H. Goldstein. University of California, Berkeley. 2001. 98-328.

BIOGENIC HYDROCARBON INVENTORIES FOR CALIFORNIA: GENERATION OF  ESSENTIAL DATABASES. Principal Investigator: Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Los Angeles. 1998. 95-309.

Objectives: To generate the databases essential to building a biogenic hydrocarbon emissions inventory for California.  Also, to evaluate existing taxonomic models and databases.

Findings: Investigators for this study expanded and refined the University of California, Los Angeles taxonomic model for estimating isoprene emissions rates for plant species where no experimental measurements are available.  They doubled the number of high-emitting plant species measured for isoprene emissions rates under realistic field conditions and measured dry leaf biomass per volume, including whole tree leaf mass, for plant species which represent the most critical gaps in biomass estimation for key air basins, such as the San Joaquin Valley.  Investigators also evaluated the Gap Analysis Project (GAP) database, determining uncertainties and limitations of the system, and developed recommendations for utilizing this Geographic Information System (GIS) database for development of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions inventories. Ambient air measurements of biogenic hydrocarbons were collected during the Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO).  The resulting data will be incorporated into the resulting SCOS97-NARSTO databases.  Finally, the UCLA staff advised the ARB on the development of the Biogenic Emission Inventory through Geographic Information Systems (BEIGIS) modeling program, and the information available through its expanded databases.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Control options for vegetation and, therefore, biogenic emissions are limited.  The results of this study will improve the ARB’s ability to estimate these emissions and determine the contribution of biogenic vs. anthropogenic sources.  Data from this project will also help evaluate the emphasis of future ozone control strategies regarding nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.

CRITICAL EVALUATION OF A BIOGENIC EMISSION SYSTEM FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL GRID MODELING IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Los Angeles. 1995. 93-725.

DETERMINATION OF VARIABILITY IN LEAF BIOMASS DENSITIES OF CONIFERS AND MIXED CONIFERS UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA'S SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Patrick J. Temple. University of California, Riverside. 1995. 92-303.

Objectives: To update the ARB's San Joaquin Valley Air Basin emissions inventory to include emission of organic gases from conifer forests on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

Findings: This field study produced a wealth of raw data on foliar biomass estimates and environmental conditions.  Elevation was found to be the most useful parameter for predicting foliar biomass of conifer-dominated plots.  The relation between biomass of conifer-dominated plots and elevation was used to construct a GIS-based map and lookup table of the distribution of conifer foliar biomass for 2 x 2 km grid cells across elevational gradients in the area studied.  Oak biomass displayed low variability across plots.  The best predictor of oak foliar biomass may be the mean biomass of the plots studied.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The ARB and other entities used the results of this project, along with emission factors obtained by other investigators, to estimate biogenic hydrocarbon emissions.  This information will be employed in the production of a good emissions inventory (for the two major vegetation types found in this valley) for use in Clean Air Act implementation plans.

HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM VEGETATION FOUND IN CALIFORNIA'S CENTRAL VALLEY.  Principal Investigator: Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Riverside. Research Note 90-12. 1989. A732-155.

Objectives: To determine the emission rates and chemical composition of organic gases emitted by prominent vegetative species in California's central valley.  The new data fill a critical gap in the reactive organic gases emissions inventory.

Findings: Hydrocarbon compounds emitted by more than 30 of the most common agricultural and natural plants found in California's Central Valley were separated and measured.  All of the plant species tested emitted some of these hydrocarbons at rates suggesting a possible effect upon air quality.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  These data together with data on land use and biomass density were employed by ARB staff to develop a hydrocarbon emissions inventory for agriculturally important and naturally occurring vegetation sources.  This places biogenic sources in perspective for development of ozone attainment plans for the Clean Air Act.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF NATURAL HYDROCARBONS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG FORMATION IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Dr. Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Riverside. 1983. A0-056-32.

Chemistry

NIGHTTIME CHEMISTRY: OBSERVATIONS OF NO3 AND N2O5. Principal Investigator:Ronald C. Cohen. University of California, Berkeley. 2008. 04-335

IDENTIFICATION AND ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS OF POLAR PRODUCTS OF SELECTED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson & Janet Arey. University of California, Riverside. 2006. 03-319

EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC IMPACTS OF SELECTED COATINGS VOC EMISSIONS. Principal Investigator: William P. L.Carter. University of California, Riverside. 2005. 00-333.

GAS-PHASE FORMATION RATES ON NITRIC ACID AND ITS ISOMERS UNDER URBAN CONDITIONS. Principal Investigator: Mitchio Okumura. California Institute of Technology. 2005. 03-333

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A GAS-PHASE ATMOSPHERIC REACTION MECHANISM FOR LOW NOX CONDITIONS. Principal Investigator: William P. L.Carter. University of California, Riverside. 2004. 01-305

HETEROGENEOUS NOX CHEMISTRY IN POLLUTED URBAN ATMOSPHERES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF PARTICLES AND OZONE AND CONTROL STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT. Principal Investigator: Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts. University of California, Irvine. 2004. 00-323

A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE PARTICULATE MATTER TOXICOLOGY LITERATURE FOR SENATE BILL 25 REVIEW OF THE PARTICULATE MATTER STANDARD. Principal Investigator: Kent E. Pinkerton, Ph.D. University of California, Davis. 2002. 00-327.

LINKAGES BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL AND POLAR ORGANICS IN CHAMBER STUDIES AND THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT. Principal Investigator: M. Judith Charles. University of California, Davis. 2002. 98-311.

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED LINEAR, BRANCHED AND CYCLIC C10 ALKANE COMPONENTS OF MINERAL SPIRITS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 2001. 97-312.

THE FORMATION OF GASEOUS NITROUS ACID (HONO): A KEY DETERMINANT OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AND FINE PARTICLES. Principal Investigator: Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts University of California, Irvine. 2001. 97-311

YIELDS AND REACTIONS OF INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM THE INITIAL ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS OF SELECTED VOCS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 2001. 96-306.

THE IDENTITIES AND BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-FUNCTIONAL CARBONYLS IN SIMULATED AND AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS. Principal Investigator: M.Judith Charles. University of California, Davis. 1999. 96-303.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER STUDIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN UPDATED PHOTOCHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR VOC REACTIVITY ASSESSMENT. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside.1997. 92-345.

Objectives: To provide experimental data for another ARB-funded project (92-329, below) to update the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) scale used in calculating reactivity adjustment factors (RAFs) for the Low-Emission Vehicles/Clean Fuels (LEV/CF) regulations.  "Reactivity" refers to the tendency of airborne chemicals to form ozone.  The RAFs are used to equalize the stringent hydrocarbon exhaust emission standards for reformulated gasoline and other alternative fuels against conventional gasoline in terms of their reactivity.

Findings: MIRs have been calculated using assumed chemical mechanisms in models.  In this study, (1) a xenon arc light source was used to assess whether current chemical mechanisms adequately treat the effects of real light on reactivity; (2) light intensity measurement methods used to characterize the conditions within the chambers were evaluated; (3) the effects of humidity on the reproducibility of chamber runs were assessed; and (4) the environmental chamber database was extended to include aromatic hydrocarbons (which are usually highly reactive and, before these experiments, not well characterized).

Importance to ARB’s Program: The update to the MIR scale is required by the Board's LEV/CF regulations.  In all, 283 environmental chamber experiments were conducted to provide a comprehensive set of experiments that can be used to develop and test models' chemical mechanisms and evaluate the reactivity of hydrocarbons.

PRODUCT STUDIES OF THE ATMOSPHERICALLY IMPORTANT REACTIONS OF ALKENES AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside. 1997. 94-311.

Objectives: To determine the products of the atmospheric reactions of aromatic compounds and to extend research on ozone-alkene reactions to all the important alkenes found in the atmosphere.

Findings:  The products of important alkene reactions with ozone and OH were determined.  The reactions studied included the reaction of ozone (in the presence of OH radical scavenger) with 2-methylpropene, trans-2 butene and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, propene, cis-2-butene, and 2-methyl-2-butene.  Alkene and OH radical reactions studied included the reaction of cis-2-butene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, 2-methylpropene, and 2-methyl-2-butene with OH radical (in the presence of and absence of NOx).  Aromatic compound reaction product studies were also performed.  The reactions studied included the reaction of OH (in the presence of NOx) and NO3 radical reactions with naphthalene, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and the OH radical reaction with biphenyl (because biphenyl has been shown to not react with NO3 radical).  Reaction products included many carbonyl and multifunctional carbonyl products, as expected.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  About 30 percent of the total reactive organic gases in urban air consists of aromatic hydrocarbons and alkenes.  Because of their high ozone formation potential, these compounds are the main precursors of ozone.  It is important to understand their chemistry to ensure that appropriate control strategies are implemented.  The results of this study will improve the chemical mechanisms used in the reactivity scale for the Board's Low-Emission Vehicle/Clean Fuel regulations and in the photochemical airshed models used for development of California's plans for implementation of Federal emission and air quality requirements for ozone.  Additional funding was provided by the Coordinating Research Council, a research cooperative supported by the automobile and oil production industries.

ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL MECHANISM UNCERTAINTY ON AIRSHED MODEL RESULTS. Principal Investigator: Narseh Kumar. University of California, Riverside. 1996. 93-716.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERIC REACTIVITIES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. EFFECTS OF VARYING CHAMBER AND LIGHT SOURCE. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 1995. A032-069.

CLAREMONT ATMOSPHERIC FREE-RADICAL STUDY:  MEASUREMENTS OF FORMALDEHYDE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, NITRIC ACID, NITROUS ACID, PEROXYACETYL NITRATE, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, OZONE, CARBON MONOXIDE, HYDROCARBONS C1-C12, AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS C1-BENZALDEHYDE. Unisearch Associates, Inc. and AtmAA, Inc. 1994. 92-327.

Objectives:  To create a database to enable airshed models to evaluate the free-radical balance in chemical mechanisms.  Radicals initiate ozone production in the morning and sustain it during the day.  Previous atmospheric measurements had implied that there are uninventoried sources of formaldehyde, nitrous acid, higher aldehydes, and other radical precursors, implying that current model applications may overestimate the effects of hydrocarbon control, leading to underestimates of NOx control.

Findings:  The field study captured data during a wide range of meteorological conditions and ozone concentrations, including the highest ozone episode for the year (over 0.30 ppm).

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results will be used to evaluate the airshed models currently used for verification of compliance with progress in ozone control as noted in the State and Federal plans for implementation of emissions and air quality standards under the 1991 amendments to the Federal Clean Air Act.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND LONG-CHAIN ALKANES.  Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside.1994. A032-067.

Objectives:  To study the reaction sequences of several hydrocarbons under ozone-forming conditions in environmental chambers.  The unique feature of this study is the vast array of analytical approaches available to the investigators.

Findings:  The investigators found direct evidence for reactions involving aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes.  This evidence has bearing on the controversy as to whether it is non-methane organic gases or nitrogen oxides that control ozone production in the atmosphere.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results were used to update the chemical mechanism that is part of the airshed models used for developing California's plans for implementing Federal air quality requirements, and for performing the update to the maximum incremental reactivity scale required by the Board's Low-Emission Vehicles and Clean Fuels regulations.

GAS PHASE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 1988. A5-122-32.

MEASUREMENTS OF NO2, HONO, NO3, HCHO, PAH, NITROARENES AND PARTICULATE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES DURING THE CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY. Principal Investigators: Dr. Roger Atkinson & Dr. Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Riverside. 1988. A5-150-32.

FORMATION AND CONTROL OF NITROGEN - CONTAINING AIR POLLUTANTS. Principal Investigator: Armistead G. Russell. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. 1987. A2-150-32.

INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF NATURAL HYDROCARBONS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG FORMATION IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Dr. Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Riverside. 1981. A8-135-31.

CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF THE SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF NO BY NH 3. Principal Investigator: N. J. Brown. University of California, Berkeley. 1979. A6-196-30.

CHEMICAL CONSENQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION. PROGRAMS: "ROLES OF HYDROCARBONS, OXIDES OF NITROGEN, AND AGED SMOG IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT." Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1973. 2-377.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION STUDY. Principal Investigator: G. M. Hidy. University of California, Riverside. 1972. ARB-358.

Volume IV:

PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE GASEOUS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE - CARBON MONOXIDE SYSTEM: RATE CONSTANTS FOR HYDROXYL RADICAL REACTIONS BY COMPETITIVE KINETICS. Principal Investigator: David H. Volman. University of California, Davis. 1972. 5-143-2 and 023.

Control Strategy

RESEARCH INTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF DUST SUPPRESSION IN THE ANTELOPE VALLEY. Principal Investigator: Jason Unger. San Diego State University. 2007. 01-339.

AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF PEROXYACETYL NITRATE (PAN), PEROXYPROFIONYL NITRATE (PPN) AND PERCHLOROETHYLENE (PCE) IN AZUSA, CA, FEBRUARY 2001--SEPTEMBER 2003. Principal Investigator: Eric Grosjean. DGA, Inc. 2005. 99-703.

AIR MONITORING PROGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF THE IMPACTS OF INTRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA'S PHASE 2 REFORMULATED GASOLINE ON AIR QUALITY IN THE SoCAB. Principal Investigator: Barbara Zielinska. Desert Research Institute. 1999. 94-332.

Objectives: To collect and validate samples of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl from the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) during the summers of 1995 and 1996, and from areas in southern California and Mexico during the summer of 1997.  Also, to collect and analyze samples representative of cold start, hot stabilized, and evaporative emissions from motor vehicles, and headspace of liquid gasoline.

Findings: The study provided a data set of VOC and carbonyl emissions for the southern portion of the State, as they relate to the impacts on ambient air concentrations of hydrocarbon species as a result of the introduction of California’s Cleaner Burning Gasoline (CBG).  Ambient air sampling was performed at four sites in the SoCAB before the introduction of CBG (1995) and after (1996).  Additional sampling occurred during the summer of 1997, in conjunction with the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO).

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results of this study will be used to identify and quantify the changes in ambient concentrations of specific hydrocarbons related to the introduction of CBG.  It will also provide the data necessary for ARB to evaluate the impact of this regulatory program on atmospheric levels of ozone precursors and toxic air contaminants.  Additionally, this data, in conjunction with data from SCOS97-NARSTO, will be used to improve models used to design air quality control plans and strategies for California.

AIR QUALITY MITIGATION MEASURES FOR AIRPORTS. Energy & Environmental Analysis, Inc. 1994.A132-168.

Objectives:  To identify and quantify the effectiveness of air quality mitigation measures designed to minimize emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter generated by all aspects of airport activity, especially construction and expansion.

Findings: This study produced a draft list of air quality mitigation measures designed to minimize emissions generated by aircraft ground and flight operations, and land use developments associated with the construction of airports.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The ARB is the State agency responsible for certifying under the Airport and Airway Safety and Capacity Expansion Act of 1987 that airport projects will comply with applicable air quality standards.  With the information from this study, we are better able to evaluate airport projects to minimize the impact of emissions.

CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC FINE PRIMARY CARBON PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS. Principal Investigator: Glen R. Cass. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1986. A1-071-32

EFFECTS OF METHANOL FUEL SUBSTITUTION ON MULTI-DAY AIR POLLUTION EPISODES. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 1986. A3-125-32.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1983. A1-030-32.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS. Principal Investigator: Dr. James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1981. A8-145-31.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS: ROLES OF HYDROCARBONS, OXIDES OF NITROGEN, OXIDES OF SULFUR AND AGED SMOG IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT AND AEROSOL. Principal Investigator: Dr. James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1977. 5-385.

TECHNICAL BASES FOR CONTROL STRATEGIES OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT: CURRENT STATUS AND PRIORITIES IN RESEARCH. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of Riverside, CA. 1976. 3-974.

EVALUATION OF A SHORT TERM OXIDANT CONTROL STRATEGY. Principal Investigator: Kent R. Wilson. University of California, San Diego. 1976. ARB-4-718.

CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND OF CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMS: ROLES OF HYDROCARBONS, OXIDES OF NITROGEN AND AGED SMOG IN THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANT. Principal Investigator: Dr. James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1975. 3-017.

Data Analysis

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER MASS CONCENTRATIONS IN CALIFORNIA, 1980-2002.  Envair, CA.2005. 03-350.

OZONE AND PARTICULATE MATTER CASE STUDY ANALYSES FOR THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY.  Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1993. A932-050.

Objectives: To investigate the three-dimensional evolution of two ozone episodes and three PM10 episodes during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study, including the transport and transformation processes that lead to maximum pollutant concentrations in the south coast air basin.

Findings:  The most significant finding of the study is that airshed model predictions of ozone aloft do not agree well with the observed concentrations and structure.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  These results imply that current airshed modeling efforts may be missing an important upper air recirculation pattern, and research efforts are being undertaken to improve our understanding of this pattern.  Recirculation patterns have important implications for photochemical modeling used to evaluate strategies to meet the ambient air quality standards as required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

ANALYSIS OF AMBIENT VOC DATA COLLECTED IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY. Principal Investigator: Frederick W. Lurmann. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1992. A832-130.

Objectives: To analyze the behavior of nonmethane organic gases (NMOG) in the south coast air basin using data collected during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS).  NMOG are of concern because of their role in the formation of ozone.

Findings: NMOG composition and NMOG/NOx ratios were similar throughout the basin.  Ambient NMOG composition resembled that of motor vehicle exhaust, suggesting that the dominant source is most likely motor vehicles.  The early morning ambient NMOG/NOx and CO/NOx ratios and profiles were inconsistent with those of the emissions inventory, indicating that CO and NMOG emissions from motor vehicles are underestimated in the inventory.  There appear to be large amounts of carbonyl compounds (ozone precursors) formed in the urban atmosphere from photo-oxidation of hydrocarbons.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This study contributed to new insights into the deficiencies of our emissions inventory, to the understanding of the widespread and continuous contribution of motor vehicle emissions to urban air pollution, and to the important contribution of carbonyls to the chemistry of air pollution.

CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY, INTERLABORATORY ROUND ROBIN: INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS.  G2 Environmental. 1990. A832-154.

Objectives: To conduct a 13-member interlaboratory comparison for measurements of total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC), major constituents of ambient particulate matter.  Interlaboratory measurement differences for OC and EC are typically quite large, and the object of this study was to determine the magnitude of the differences and the reasons for this variation.

Findings: The interlaboratory variations were attributed to several different causes.  These results indicate where modifications in the analytical process need to be made.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The resulting improvement in ambient particulate matter measurement accuracy is a necessary step toward attainment of the ambient air quality standards for PM10.

ESTIMATING MEAN CONCENTRATIONS WHEN SOME DATA ARE BELOW THE DETECTION LIMIT. Principal Investigator: R. H. Shumway. University of California, Davis. 1988. A733-045.

APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO MINIMIZE AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith. Meteorology Research, Inc. 1984. A2-119-32.

UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA IN THE EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SOUTH COAST / SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith. Ted B. Smith & Associates, Inc. 1984. A2-106-32

ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL OZONE TRENDS IN LOS ANGELES SORTED BY THE NMHC / NOx RATIO. Principal Investigator: John Trijonis. Santa Fe Research Corporation. 1983. A1-056-32.

ANALYSIS OF SANTA BARBARA OXIDANT STUDY. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith Meteorology Research, Inc. 1983. A2-086-32.

VISIBILITY REDUCTION AS RELATED TO AEROSOL CONSTITUENTS. Principal Investigator: B. R. Appel. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1983. A1-081-32.

SOURCE-RECEPTOR RECONCILIATION OF SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY DATA. Principal Investigator: Glen R. Cass. Consultants on Air Pollution Control Pasadena, CA. 1981. A9-014-31.

HIGH NO2 AREAS AND THEIR AIR POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SOUTH COAST AND SAN DIEGO AIR BASINS. Principal Investigator: Yuji Horie. Technology Service Corporation. 1980. A9-053-31.

STATISTICAL OXIDANT / PRECURSOR RELATIONSHIP FOR THE LOS ANGELES REGION. Principal Investigator: John A. Eldon. Technology Service Corporation. 1977. A5-020-87.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SULFATE AIR QUALITY AND VISIBILITY AT LOS ANGELES. Principal Investigator: Glen R. Cass. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1976. A5-061-87.

Emission Inventory

COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF WEEKEND / WEEKDAYS ACTIVITY DATA IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Dana Coe Sullivan. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 2004. 00-305 & 00-313

VEHICLE-TO-GRID DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: GRID REGULATION ANCILLARY SERVICE WITH A BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE. AC Propulsion Inc., San Dimas. 2002. 01-313.

THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS. Midwest Research Institute, Missouri. 1980. A8-125-31.

FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY AND MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: H. J. Taback. KVB, Inc. 1979. KVB-5806-783.

CONTRIBUTION OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC TO AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Davis. 1973. ARB-502.

STUDY OF ABATEMENT METHODS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR OPTIUM DISPERSION OF PARTICULATES FROM FIELD BURNING OF RICE STRAW. Principal Investigator: George E. Miller, Jr. University of California, Davis. 1973. 1-102-1

STUDY OF ABATEMENT METHODS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMIUM DISPERSION OF PARTICULATES FROM FIELD BURNING OF RICE STRAW. Principal Investigator: John R. Goss. University of California, Davis. 1973. 1-101-1.

Emissions

ESTIMATION, VALIDATION, AND FORECASTS OF REGIONAL COMMERCIAL MARINE VESSEL INVENTORIES. Principal Investigator: James J. Corbett, P.E., Ph.D. University of Delaware. 2007. 04-346

DRI LAKE TAHOE SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION STUDY. Principal Investigator: Hampden Kuhns. Desert Research Institute. 2004. 01-734

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PM EMISSION INVENTORY FOR THE LAKE TAHOE REGION. Principal Investigator: Dennis Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2004. 01-733

FLUX MEASUREMENTS OF AMMONIA TO ESTIMATE EMISSION FACTORS FOR AREA SOURCES. Principal Investigator: Dennis Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2002. 98-340.

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF SOIL-DERIVED AND GEOLOGICAL FUGITIVE DUST.  Principal Investigator: Kate M. Scow. University of California, Davis. 1998. 94-321.

Objectives: To explore the use of biochemical markers to distinguish among soil sources of airborne dust and to test these markers in source apportionment for fugitive dust.  The biomarkers to be tested are phospholipid fatty acids and microbial DNA.

Findings: This "proof of concept" project successfully demonstrated that the soil biomarkers studied can be readily and repeatably extracted from both bulk soil and dust samples, that these chemical signatures allow discrimination of soils as dust sources by crop type and soil type, and that these techniques can be applied to non-agricultural soils as well (e.g., dirt roads).

Importance to ARB’s Program: Soil-derived dust is a significant fraction of the particulate matter in California's air and contributes to violations of both State and Federal ambient air quality standards.  Present analytical techniques cannot distinguish among the various sources of soil-derived dust.  This research has shown that biological materials associated with particular soil environments (croplands, pasture, vacant urban land, dirt roads, etc.) can be used to pinpoint the sources of soil dust at various monitoring sites.  Once source environments have been identified, appropriate control measures can be developed.

REVEGETATION TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROL OF FUGITIVE DUST IN THE WESTERN MOJAVE DESERT. Principal Investigator: David A. Grantz. University of California, Riverside. 1998. 94-337.

Objectives: To identify cost-effective means by which to establish stable vegetative cover on abandoned farmland in the California deserts, and to quantify the emission reductions that would result from revegetation.  This is a continuation of a cooperative project begun in 1994 with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Southern California Edison, and the University of California.

Findings: The main findings of this study were the following: Shrub cover cannot be reliably established from seeding or planting.  Soil disturbance (tilling, etc.) delays shrub establishment. High soil nitrogen levels left over from previous farming were found to favor invasive, undesirable annuals; low-nutrient soils -- those more like natural desert soil -- resisted non-native species and were hospitable to colonization by native shrubs.  Physical barriers (wind fences, etc.) are useful short-term controls.  Stabilization of abandoned farmland may require several attempts before an "artificial" plant cover can be established.  Land-use history and soil nutrient and soil mycofloral status were found to influence perennial shrub establishment.  Burning pest species without disturbing the soil was found to promote establishment of native plant cover.  Physical treatments can provide immediate, effective dust suppression, but furrowing may be counterproductive if long-term stabilization is the goal.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Dust from abandoned fields has been identified as the cause of episodes of high PM10 with attendant health and nuisance impacts in the Antelope Valley and elsewhere in California.  This research documented the feasibility and effectiveness of several approaches to establishing a stable shrub cover on abandoned farmlands to reduce windblown dust.

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE LYNWOOD CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY. Principal Investigator: John L. Bowen, Ph.D. Desert Research Institute.1996. A032-184.

Objectives:  To determine, using the results of a field measurement program conducted during the winter of 1989-90 (contract no. A832-135), why carbon monoxide concentrations at the Lynwood site in the south coast air basin are the highest reported in California.

Findings:  Analysis of the air quality data confirmed that Lynwood and vicinity constitutes a "hot spot" for carbon monoxide; concentrations are consistently higher than at other sites in the basin.  Seven different causes of these high concentrations were identified from the data analyses, but the primary reasons were meteorological conditions (low wind speeds caused by flatter terrain) and local sources (older cars with higher emissions).

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This information helped the ARB determine that the existing motor vehicle control program is effective enough to bring Lynwood and other parts of California to attainment of the ambient air quality standards as required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

IMPACTS OF IMPROVED EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION FOR NITROGEN-CONTAINING AIR POLLUTANTS. Principal Investigator: Robert A. Harley. University of California, Berkeley. 1996. 93-310.

Objectives:  To study the air quality impacts of improving emissions inventory NOx speciation profiles.

Findings:  The study showed that predicted pollutant concentrations were much more sensitive to NOx mass emissions than to NOx speciation.  Nighttime NOx and nitrous acid concentrations were the only compounds dependent on NOx speciation.  Improvements are needed in the ammonia emissions inventory to support modeling and control strategy development for nitrogenous air pollutants.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results of the study were used to lower the priority for improvements in the speciation of the NOx emissions inventory.

AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY: DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSIONS ESTIMATES FOR NITROGEN OXIDES. Principal Investigator: Pamela Matson. University of California, Berkeley. 1995. 94-732.

FEASIBILITY AND DEMONSTRATION OF NETWORK SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATION OF EMISSIONS IN A LARGE URBAN AREA. Principal Investigator: Alex Skabardonis. Deakin, Harvey, Skabardonis.1994. A132-166.

Objectives:  To use roadway network simulation techniques to develop modal (second-by-second) vehicle activity data (for example, numbers of accelerations, decelerations, cruises, and time at idle).

Findings:  The contractor determined that the network simulation techniques investigated in this study were feasible.  An integrated modeling framework was developed, and the integrated model was applied to the entire 1,120-zone Metropolitan Planning Commission San Francisco Bay Area network to obtain time spent in each driving mode.  The analysis of the results demonstrated the applicability of the model in predicting vehicle activity in regional studies.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The activity data may be used with concomitant modal emission factors in the calculation of an emissions inventory.

STUDY OF EMISSIONS AND CONTROL OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE-DEPLETING COMPOUNDS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Michael J. Gibbs. ICF Consulting Associates, Incorporated. 1992. A032-131.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY FOR REACTIVE ORGANIC GASES AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: William Rogers Oliver. Systems Applications, Inc. 1985. A2-076-32.

Volume I

Volume II

FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY AND MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. KVB, Inc. 1979. A6-191-30.

METROPOLITAN EMISSIONS SIMULATION SYSTEM. Principal Investigator: D. Gottlieb. Systems Applications. Inc. 1978. A5-067-87.

Forest Air Quality

SIERRA COOPERATIVE OZONE IMPACT STUDY. University of California, Davis. 1995. Year 1 (1990-1991): A933-097. Year 2 (1991-1992): A033-129. Year 3 (1992-1993): A132-188. Year 4 (1993-1994): 92-346.

Objectives: To conduct a four-year study to investigate the effects of ozone on vegetation, using a network of aerometric monitoring stations in national forests on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Year 1: To establish a network of five aerometric monitoring stations and measure concentrations of ozone and a suite of meteorological variables (wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, and relative humidity). Year 2: To establish a sixth station and collect the first full growing season of air quality data. Year 3: To evaluate year-to-year variability in selected measures of ozone. Year 4: To identify trends in ozone in these forests.

Findings: Year 1: Ozone levels in the monitored forests reached levels that can cause injury to pine foliage. Year 2: Ozone concentrations peaked in mid-to-late afternoon; daily maxima were higher at the southern stations. Year 3: Three sites exhibited distinct diurnal ozone profiles, with peak concentrations in the afternoon and lowest levels in the early morning. The other three sites had flat profiles, characteristic of remote, non-urban areas. Year 4: In 1993 and 1994, summertime ozone concentrations were similar to those measured in 1991 and 1992.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The ARB is required by the California Health and Safety Code to investigate the effects of air pollution on vegetation. The findings allow for identification and characterization of trends (e.g., temporal patterns and extent of variability) in the effects of ozone on air quality.

Year 1

Year 3

Year 4

MONITORING OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES AND OZONE IN SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. Air Quality Group, University of California, Davis.1989. A5-180-32.

Objectives:  To monitor ozone and particulate matter in the Sequoia National Park over a three-year period to better understand the impact of acid deposition and other air pollutants on the park's forests and watersheds.

Findings: Particulate matter concentrations and ozone concentrations are dominated by transport from the San Joaquin Valley via thermally generated winds.  These winds efficiently transport pollutants to above 6000 feet. At 10,000 feet, the transport is greatly weakened, resulting in abrupt pollutant concentration decreases.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This report in part satisfied the California Clean Air Act requirements for the acid deposition program.

Global Air Pollution

Global Radiative Effect of Particulate Black Carbon. Principal Investigator: John H. Seinfeld. California Institute of Technology. 2005. 02-322.

Measurement

DETERMINATION OF DIURNAL CYCLES OF ACROLEIN AND OTHER SMALL CARBONYLS IN REGIONS IMPACTED BY VEHICLE EMISSIONS. Principal Investigator: Thomas M. Cahill. Arizona State University. 2008. 05-340.

MEASUREMENTS OF AMMONIA AT BLODGETT FOREST. Principal Investigator: Marc L. Fischer. University of California, Hayward. 2007. 05-338.

QUALITY ASSURANCE ANALYSIS OF FILTER SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING THE LAKE TAHOE ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION STUDY USING SYNCHROTRON X-RAY FLUORESCENCE. Principal Investigator: Steven S. Cliff. University of California, Davis. 2005. 03-344.

MEASUREMENTS OF NOy, NITRIC ACID, NO, AND PAN IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Dennis R. Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2004. 01-318.

REFINEMENT, CALIBRATION, AND FIELD STUDIES INVOLVING TRANSPORTABLE AEROSOL TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETERS (ATOFMS). Principal Investigator: Sylvia H. Pasto. University of California, Riverside. 2003. 96-307

EVALUATION OF NOy AND NITRIC ACID MEASUREMENT METHODS AND COLLECTION OF AMBIENT DATA. Principal Investigator: Dennis R. Fitz. University of California, Riverside. 2002. 98-341.

AIRCRAFT SAMPLING TO DETERMINE ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND OTHER POLLUTANTS OVER THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: J. H. Seinfeld. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. 2000. 96-315.

Objectives: To determine vertical distributions, concentrations, and size distributions of particulate matter (PM) and its constituent chemical species, and to measure parameters related to visibility reduction such as light scattering coefficient above the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB).

Importance to ARB’s Program: With the advent of small, highly instrumented aircraft capable of performing measurements aloft in large, complex regions like the SoCAB, aircraft sampling has become an essential component of field programs aimed at producing a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of pollutant formation during episodes of high particulate matter concentration.  This study will provide such measurements during the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study - North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (SCOS97-NARSTO).  With the new data, the ARB will be better able to characterize particles and their precursors in layers aloft and to understand the diurnal history of these particles. This understanding will contribute to promulgation of appropriate air quality control strategies.

AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS IN SUPPORT OF THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY.  Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. University of California, Davis.1999. 95-332.

Objectives: The aerometric data collected by me4ans of an instrumented aircraft will be used to increase understanding of the processes that lead to high ozone concentrations above-ground and how they affect air pollution at ground level.  To characterize the 3-dimensional distribution of ozone, NOy, and meteorological variables within the South Coast Air Basin during the 15 days of  intensive monitoring.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This project is part of the SCOS97-NARSTO study, whose resources will be used to gather data for regional modeling of ozone.  With new and extensive upper air data for the South Coast Air Basin, subsequent air quality simulations can be initialized and validated and will contribute to the determination of the most cost-effective path to attainment of the national ambient air quality standard for ozone in southern California.

MEASUREMENTS MADE ALOFT BY A TWIN-ENGINE AIRCRAFT TO SUPPORT THE SCOS97-NARSTO STUDY. Sonoma Technology. 1999. 96-309.

Objectives: To obtain meteorological air quality data aloft in the northern, eastern, and central regions of the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO) modeling domain during the intensive operational periods (IOPs), using a twin-engine aircraft.

Findings: Data collected during this study were reviewed to identify the occurrence and types of ozone layers aloft and to estimate the initial and boundary conditions in the southern Mojave Desert (Desert) on the first day of IOPs.  Ozone carryover aloft was seen on all mornings in vertical spiral measurements in the northern Los Angeles basin (Basin).  Detached layers above the boundary layer were seen on about 20 percent of Basin morning and afternoon spirals.  Ozone layers with concentrations up to 184 parts per billion (ppb) were observed offshore.  The morning ozone concentrations in the Desert ranged from 40 to 70 ppb and the total reactive nitrogen species concentrations ranged from 2 to 4 ppb, indicating relatively clean, but not pristine boundary conditions.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Results from this study, in combination with other air quality and meteorological data collected during SCOS97-NARSTO, will be used by the ARB to refine understanding of the way ozone layers are formed aloft and to improve the ability of airshed air quality models to predict the magnitude, timing, and altitude(s) of ozone concentrations aloft.

TOTAL NON-METHANE ORGANIC CARBON: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NEW INSTRUMENT; MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL NON-METHANE ORGANIC CARBON AND C2-C10 HYDROCARBONS IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN.  Principal Investigator: Suzanne Paulson. University of California, Los Angeles.1999. 95-335.

Objectives:  To develop and test an instrument capable of accurately sampling and analyzing total non-methane organic carbon (TNMOC) in the atmosphere.

Findings: This project succeeded in designing, constructing, field-testing, and validating an instrument capable of measuring TNMOC more accurately than other methods currently in use.  In addition, the instrument can simultaneously collect and analyze a sample for hydrocarbon speciation, allowing a comparison of TNMOC with routine U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Photochemical Assessment and Monitoring Program (PAMS) measurements.  Field measurements collected at the Azusa air monitoring station during SCOS97-NARSTO found that TNMOC was typically about 30 percent greater than the sum of speciated volatile organic compounds reported in the PAMS program, in agreement with the indications from preliminary studies completed prior to the development of this instrument.  A small fraction of the difference (about 10 percent) was due to light oxygenates, ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Development of an accurate reactive carbon sampler/analyzer will allow the ARB to develop the information needed to understand the formation of photochemical pollutants and improve strategies for their control.

THE AIRBORNE SAMPLING PROGRAM FOR THE 1992 ARB SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT STUDY. Principal Investigator: Jerry A. Anderson. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1994. A132-162.

Objectives: To collect ozone, NOx, hydrocarbon, and temperature data by aircraft traverses and spirals in support of the 1992 wind profiler study (contract no. A032-145).

Findings: Data were collected during aircraft flights over the south coast and southeast desert air basins in late summer and over the south coast and San Diego air basins in early fall.  Forty-five hours of continuous NOx, ozone, and temperature data and 65 reactive organic gas samples were collected during 13 flights consisting of  94 spirals and 11 traverses.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The data were used in the assessment of ozone transport, which involves not only the movement of air aloft but also the concentrations of pollutants within the air mass. Determination of ozone transport is a requirement of the California Clean Air Act.

DETERMINATION OF KEY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. Principal Investigator: Wolfgang F. Rogge. California Institute of Technology.1993. A932-127.

Objectives: To better understand the carbonaceous fine fraction of particulate matter in the Los Angeles area.

Findings: The investigators identified over 400 different compounds in primary emissions from 18 different sources, and found many of these compounds in ambient samples from the Los Angeles area.  They also identified compounds that can be used as unique tracers of emissions for several of the sources.  Through comparison of the relative amounts of primarily emitted fine organic compounds to their ambient levels, an understanding of source/receptor relationships has been achieved.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results were used in follow-up projects funded by other organizations to determine the sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Los Angeles area.

DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL VERTICALLY SCANNING OZONE LIDAR. Principal Investigator: Yanzeng Zhao. Department of Commerce. 1997. 93-330.

METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR QUANTIFICATION OF OZONE AND OZONE PRECURSOR TRANSPORT IN CALIFORNIA.  Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1993. A932-143.

Objectives: To develop and apply data analysis methods to quantify ozone transport using the results of a field measurement program conducted in the Sacramento Valley in 1990 as part of this contract.

Findings: Although the field study was not carried out during typical transport conditions, there was evidence of pollutant transport at both the surface and aloft from the San Francisco Bay Area and broader Sacramento Valley to the upper Sacramento Valley.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The data analysis methods were used to identify upwind/downwind transport couples in a biennial report published by the ARB, as required by the California Clean Air Act.

THE STUDY OF TEMPORAL AND VERTICAL OZONE PATTERNS AT SELECTED LOCATIONS IN CALIFORNIA.  Principal Investigators: David V. Pankratz & David Bush. AeroVironment, Inc. 1993. A132-165.

Objectives: To determine the feasibility of using standard analyzers as well as long sampling lines attached to tall towers to determine the vertical distribution of ozone concentrations.

Findings:  The study demonstrated that long-line ozone sampling is feasible.  The data indicate that ozone concentrations aloft can be significantly higher than concentrations near the surface, particularly at night.  It was also found that ozone aloft has the potential to persist for several days.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results have important implications for the assessment of transport and the design of appropriate control strategies, both of which are required by the California Clean Air Act.

DETERMINATION OF SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS TO HIGH AMBIENT CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS AND CATEGORIZATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE POTENTIAL. AeroVironment, Inc.   Research Note 1992-4. 1991. A832-135.

Objectives: To understand and quantify the relative contributions of various emission sources to elevated ambient carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations.

Findings:  The Lynwood area of the south coast air basin constitutes a "hot spot" for CO due to high traffic counts, low inversion heights, low wind speed, and a decrease in the mixing volume in the evening.  Combustion processes, primarily automotive exhaust, are the main contributor to high CO concentrations.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This study contributed to the ARB's development of effective control strategies to reduce ambient CO at sites with high concentrations, as required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

SPATIAL INHOMOGENEITIES IN SCAQS FILTERS. University of California, Davis.1991. A832-128.

Objectives: To determine the effect on PM10 and PM2.5 measurements of non-uniform deposits in the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) sampler, and to develop correction factors for these efforts.

Findings: The extent of the non-uniformities and calculated corrections that could be used to minimize their impact were determined.  The corrections ranged from 25 percent to over 200 percent, depending on the size and type of the particulate matter.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The resulting corrections to the SCAQS data provide modeling and emissions inventory assessment, as required to show compliance with targets in the PM10 provisions of the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY WASTES. Principal Investigator: Bryan M. Jenkins. University of California, Davis. 1990. A5-126-32

MEASUREMENT OF OZONE CONCENTRATIONS ALOFT BY LIDAR DURING THE EPISODIC MONITORING PERIODS OF THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Environmental Technology Laboratory. 95-337.

Objective:  To monitor the vertical distribution of ozone concentrations aloft during the intensive monitoring periods (total of 15 days) of the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO).

Findings: During SCOS97-NARSTO, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s ozone profiling atmospheric lidar (OPAL) was deployed in the Los Angeles urban area, at El Monte Airport.  In this four-month long field campaign, OPAL detected persistent ozone and aerosol layers aloft on most days during the IOPs.  Very frequently, a lower layer was observed by the lidar at 1000-1500 meters above mean sea level (msl) and a higher layer at 2000-2500 meters above msl.  These layers existed from the late afternoon until midnight, when they began to dissipate.  Sometimes, the ozone layer(s) persisted through the night and could still be seen in the early morning.

Importance to ARB’s Program: These data will be used to investigate the processes creating layers aloft and the impacts of these polluted layers on air quality at ground level and locations downwind.  These and other data collected during the SCOS97-NARSTO study will also be used to validate the performance of photochemical air quality models, estimate horizontal ozone flux in the San Gabriel Valley, and refine our understanding of the formation and transport of high ozone concentrations aloft.  This information is necessary for the development of cost-effective ozone control strategies.

TEST AND EVALUATION OF A POLYMER MEMBRANE PRECONCENTRATOR. Radian Corporation. 1989. A732-153.

Objectives: To evaluate a membrane system for use as a preconcentration step for hydrocarbon emissions control devices.  The project was co-managed by the U.S. EPA.

Findings: The system generated a stream about three times as concentrated as the original feed stream.  However, membrane-augmented technology does not appear to be a cost-effective alternative to conventional carbon adsorption or other classical control options for low-concentration vapor streams.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  As a result of this study, data on efficiency and costs for this control measure are now available for this innovative volatile organic compound control technology for use in compliance with the Clean Air Act.

COMPARISON OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN AMBIENT AIR. Principal Investigator: Susanne V. Hering. University of California, Los Angeles. 1988. A5-154-32.

MEASUREMENTS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND FORMALDEHYDE IN GLENDORA, CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Gregory L. Kok. National Science Foundation. 1988. A5-210-32.

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC AEROSOL CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY. Principal Investigator: Barbara J. Turpin. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering. 1988. A5-149-32.

FIELD COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR NITRIC ACID. Principal Investigator: Susanne V. Hering. University of California, Los Angeles. 1987. A4-164-32.

INTERCOMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CARBONACEOUS AEROSOL SPECIES. Principal Investigator: B. R. Appel. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1987. A4-158-32.

QUALITY ASSURANCE AUDITS FOR THE ARB SPONSORED CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY AT CITRUS COLLEGE, GLENDORA, CA. Principal Investigator: Richard J. Countess. Environmental Monitoring & Services, Inc. 1986. A5-148-32.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY (SCAQS) SUGGESTED PROGRAM PLAN. Principal Investigator: D. Blumenthal. Sonoma Technology Inc. 1986. A4-114-32.

ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF SMOG COMPONENT PHASES. Principal Investigator: Rainer Berger. University of California, LA. 1984. A2-127-32.

PARTICULATE MATTER ANALYSIS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. Principal Investigator: Steven B. Hayward. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1984. A2-058-32.

STUDY OF PARTICULATE EPISODES AT MONO LAKE. Principal Investigator: Dr. Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Davis. 1984. A1-144-32.

DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF NITROUS ACID, NITROGEN DIOXIDE, AND FORMALDEHYDE IN AUTO EXHAUST BY DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1982. A9-118-30

PARTICLE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS IN THE CALIFORNIA SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. Principal Investigator: S. Heisler. Environmental Research & Technology, Inc. 1981. A3-092-32.

Cascade Impactors

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND SAMPLING MEDIA ON THE COLLECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFATE AND NITRATE. Principal Investigator: B. R. Appel. Department of Health Services, CA. 1978. ARB-5-1032.

SIZE SELECTIVE MONITORING TECHNIQUES FOR PARTICULATE MATTER IN CALIFORNIA AIR. Principal Investigator: Walter John. California Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1978. A5-00487.

Meteorology

PROCESSING AND VALIDATION OF DATA COLLECTED BY RADAR WIND PROFILERS, RADIO ACOUSTIC SOUNDING SYSTEMS, AND SODARS DURING THE 1997 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA OZONE STUDY. Principal Investigator: Clinton P. MacDonald. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 2002. 99-307.

IMPROVEMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE MESOSCALE METEOROLOGICAL MODEL MM5 FOR AIR QUALITY APPLICATIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. Principal Investigator: Robert D. Bornstein. California State University, San Jose. 2001. 97-310.

DEVELOPMENT OF A METEOROLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE GREATER SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY. Principal Investigator: Dr. Len Fisk. California State University, Chico. 1996. 93-328.

Objectives: To design and implement a pilot air quality and meteorological information system (AQMIS) for the greater San Joaquin Valley.

Findings: This project demonstrated the feasibility of a near real-time AQMIS (with graphical and tabular displays) and documented the need for part-time support to maintain the scripts identifying and reformatting data from a variety of sources.  Resistance by data providers to releasing preliminary data declined during the project and is expected to decline further as groups experience the advantages of this AQMIS.  No new development work will be necessary to expand this AQMIS to statewide coverage.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This project satisfied the need expressed by several State and local groups for real-time sharing of air quality and meteorological data in order to improve smoke management activities, air quality forecasts, and understanding of pollutant transport.

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF WIND OBSERVATIONS COLLECTED DURING THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY.  Systems Applications, Inc. 1991. A832-133.

Objectives: To generate three-dimensional wind fields for analysis of airflow and transport patterns in the south coast air basin during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS).

Findings: Gridded wind fields were generated hourly for the eight SCAQS intensive monitoring periods, and forward and backward trajectories were calculated using the wind fields.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results of this study were used to study source-receptor relationships for ozone, particulate matter (PM10), and other pollutants. This research was incorporated into development of air pollution modeling used in demonstrating progress toward attainment of the ozone and PM10 standards.

IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR QUANTIFYING KEY METEOROLOGICAL EFFECTS ON AMBIENT OZONE DATA.  Systems Applications, Inc.1991. A832-134.

Objectives: To quantify the effects of meteorological conditions on ambient ozone concentration in the south coast air basin (SoCAB).  To develop procedures for classifying ozone episodes in order to identify and select representative modeling days.

Findings: Two basic meteorological flow regimes were identified.  However, a large number of high ozone days fail to exhibit some or all of these patterns.  Thus, episode selection criteria are complicated by the fact that high ozone concentrations can occur in the SoCAB under quite different meteorological scenarios.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This study was used in the planning of future SoCAB field studies for ambient monitoring and modeling of ozone concentrations.  These activities are required to assure compliance with California and Federal implementation plans for reduction of ambient air pollution as required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

SCAQS METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT PROGRAM. Principal Investigator: D. Lehrman. Technical & Business Systems. 1988. A6-097-32.

ATMOSPHERIC TRACER EXPERIMENTS AIMED AT CHARACTERIZING UPSLOPE / DOWNSLOPE FLOWS ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN REGION OF THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS. Principal Investigator: Fredrick H. Shair. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1987. A4-126-32.

SODAR NETWORK SUPPORT FOR LIRAQ UTILIZATION IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROJECT MABLE. Principal Investigator: Philip B. Russell. SRI International. 1979. A7-184-30.

DEVELOPMENT OF A VERTICAL MIXING DATA BASE IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND DELTA REGION. Principal Investigator: P. B. Russell. Stanford Research Institute. 1977. A6-066-80.

Volume I

Volume II

MESO-CLIMATIC WIND PATTERNS AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA VALLEY. Principal Investigator: Herbert B. Schultz. University of California, Davis. 1975. ARB-111.

REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC INVERSIONS. Principal Investigator: Sidney R. Frank. Sidney R. Frank Group. 1973. 3-164-2 and 022

THE USES OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN LARGE-SCALE AIR POLLUTION SURVEYS. Principal Investigator: Gordon B. Bell. Stanford Research Institute. 1958. SU-2238.

Modeling

INVESTIGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE IMPACTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 2007. 04-334.

VALIDATION OF CONCENTRATIONS ESTIMATED FROM AIR DISPERSION MODELING FOR SOURCE-RECEPTOR DISTANCES OF LESS THAN 100 METERS. Principal Investigator: Akula Venkatram. University of California, Riverside. 2003. 99-319

CHLORINE EMISSIONS FROM ACTIVATED SEA-SALT AEROSOLS AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON OZONE. Principal Investigator: Eladio M. Knipping. University of California, Irvine. 2002. 00-324.

IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF MIXING DEPTH PREDICTIONS FROM THE MESOSCALE METEOROLOGICAL MODEL MM5. Principal Investigator: Kirankumar V. Alapaty. MCNC-Environmental Programs.2000. 96-319.

Objectives: To improve the accuracy of estimates of the mixing depth (the depth in the atmosphere through which pollutants emitted near the surface are mixed and diluted) predicted by a meteorological model that simulates the physical processes occurring in the atmosphere and assimilates information from meteorological measurements.  The model -- the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Meteorological Model -- is known as MM5.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Accurate meteorological information is needed to support air quality modeling, which is applied for the purpose of predicting future air quality, determining the effects from control of emissions, and formulating California's plans for implementation of Federal emission and air quality requirements for ozone and particulate matter.

REVIEW AND IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING RATES OF PHOTOLYSIS IN PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS. Principal Investigator: Laurent Vuilleumier. University of California, Berkeley.2000. 96-335.

Objectives:  Improvement of estimates of the rates of photolysis that are used in air quality models.  This involves determination of the state of the science in radiative transfer modeling, identification of the uncertainties in existing models, development or adaptation of a state-of-the-science radiative transfer model and methods for preparing input data, assessment with atmospheric observations, and incorporation of the radiative transfer model into selected air quality models.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Results from this study will be used to improve the ARB's estimates of changes in ozone concentrations resulting from changes in emissions of ozone precursors.  Accurate estimates are needed for development of California's implementation plan for meeting Federal emission and air quality requirements for ozone.

MULTIVARIATE RECEPTOR MODELING OF SCAQS VOC AND AIRBORNE PARTICLE COMPOSITION DATA.  Principal Investigator: Ronald C.Henry. University of Southern California.1999. A832-131.

Objectives:  To apply two new receptor modeling techniques to the data collected during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study in order to apportion sources of fine particles and volatile organic gases, determine the contributions of direct emissions and atmospheric transformation to ambient concentrations, and estimate ozone formation and deposition rates as a function of time and location.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results, in combination with the results of other studies, will help us understand the sources, transformation, and ultimate fate of smog-forming pollutants as required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN UP-TO-DATE PHOTOCHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR AIRSHED MODELING AND REACTIVITY ASSESSMENT. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 1998. A932-094.

Objectives:  To develop a scale to account for the lower ozone-forming potential, or reactivity, of motor vehicle hydrocarbon emissions from alternate fuels using reactivity adjustment factors (RAFs).

Findings:  Eighteen scales, including the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and maximum ozone incremental reactivity (MOIR) scales, were developed.  A series of sensitivity tests found that the effect of uncertainties in the representation of airshed conditions used in the derivation of the reactivity scales had less than a 5 percent effect on the RAFs.  Other sensitivity tests revealed that the last three years of chemical mechanism development had less than a 10 percent effect on the RAFs for several alternative fuels.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The MIR scale has been adopted in the Board's Low-Emission Vehicles and Clean Fuels regulations.

AN INVESTIGATION OF ERROR PROPAGATION IN THE CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD AIR QUALITY MODEL. Principal Investigator: M. Talat Odman. Carnegie-Mellon University.1993. A932-091.

Objectives:  To investigate errors in the California Air Resources Board's airshed model (CalGrid).

Findings:  A large error (20 to 40 percent) was found in the treatment of horizontal transport by CalGrid and other airshed models.  Other model components were found to exhibit less significant errors.  This study also introduced some new computational procedures that improve assessment of error propagation.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results for the evaluation of the horizontal transport algorithm are especially significant and cast doubt on all airshed models currently in use for California's plans for implementing Federal air quality requirements.

DETERMINATION OF THE HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT FOR USE IN THE SARMAP AIR QUALITY MODEL. 96-314.

Objectives:  To improve the coefficient for horizontal diffusion of air in the ARB's SARMAP Air Quality Model, a three-dimensional region-scale comprehensive air quality model that calculates the concentrations of both inert and chemically reactive pollutants by simulating atmospheric processes such as advection, turbulent diffusion, chemical transformation, and removal.

Importance to ARB’s Program: An improved horizontal diffusion coefficient will permit greater confidence in model performance and in model-generated estimates of emissions reductions needed to attain air quality goals.

PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS ORGANIC RECEPTOR MODELING FOR THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY.  Desert Research Institute. 1993. A832-132.

Objectives:  To quantify the source contributions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and to determine the portions of PM10 and PM2.5 that are of primary and secondary origin in the south coast air basin. PM10 and PM2.5 are particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 ?m in aerodynamic diameter, respectively. Pollutants of primary origin are directly emitted from the source.  Pollutants of secondary origin result from chemical reactions after emission from the source.

Findings: The results provide an enormous amount of information on sources and their contributions to ambient concentrations of PM10 and VOCs.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results allow us to focus control efforts on the sources with the greatest contribution to PM10 and VOC in the south coast air basin in fulfillment of PM10 and ozone control provisions of the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

EVALUATION OF THE UAM-IV AND CALGRID-IV PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS WITH TWO SANTA BARBARA-VENTURA OZONE EPISODES. Principal Investigator: T. W. Tesche. Alpine Geophysics. 1992. A974-212.

REVIEW OF THE SAPRC-90 CHEMICAL MECHANISM. Principal Investigator: Michael W. Gery. Atmospheric Research Associates. 1991. A132-055.

IMPROVEMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS. Radian Corporation.  Research Note 1991-4.1990. A832-103.

Objectives:  To improve procedures used for evaluating photochemical grid model performance, and to develop methods for evaluating photochemical model performance as it relates to assessment of ozone control strategies, with emphasis on the analysis of the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study database.

Findings:   The investigators recommended a set of ten statistical measures for assessing a model's accuracy in predicting ozone concentrations, along with statistical standards that each modeling study should try to meet. Diagnostic simulations of zero emissions, initial conditions, boundary conditions, deposition, increased mixing heights, and reduced wind speeds are also recommended.  In addition, the sensitivity of the model to uncertainties in hydrocarbon emission rates and speciation, and to other parameters, should be assessed. Comparisons between measurements and predictions of species other than ozone will help ensure that the model predicts the right ozone concentrations for the right reasons.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This report was incorporated into ARB's Photochemical Air Quality Modeling Guidelines.  These guidelines assure better modeling of the progress toward attainment of the ambient air quality standards for ozone.

MODEL FORMULATION AND USER'S GUIDE FOR THE CALPUFF DISPERSION MODEL. Principal Investigator: Joseph S. Scire. 1990. A025-2

CALGRID: A MESOSCALE PHOTOCHEMICAL GRID MODEL. Principal Investigator: J. S. Scire. Sigma Research Corporation. 1989. A6-215-74.

CALGRID: A MESOSCALE PHOTOCHEMICAL GRID MODEL. Principal Investigator: R. J. Yamartino. Sigma Research Corporation. 1989. A049-1.

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF THE AIR QUALITY IMPACTS OF METHANOL FUEL USE.  Carnegie-Mellon University. 1989. A6-048-32.

Objectives: To use the Airshed model to study the air quality impacts of methanol fuel use in the South Coast Air Basin.

Findings:  The results indicate that while the South Coast Air Basin would not achieve attainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards by complete conversion to methanol, methanol can help reduce ozone concentrations.  M100 fuel was found to be twice as effective as M85 when results are compared to baseline ozone concentrations formed when gasoline fuel is used in advanced conventional vehicles.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  These Findings have been used by the air quality planning community when comparing various alternative fuels.

DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDUCES FOR ESTABLISHING THE UNCERTAINTIES OF EMISSION ESTIMATES. Principal Investigator: Yuji Horie PhD. Valley Research Corporation. 1988. A5-184-32.

DESIGN FOR A NON-STEADY AIR QUALITY MODELING SYSTEM. Principal Investigator: Joseph S. Scire. Sigma Research Corporation. 1987. A5-194-74.

LEVEL I PM10 ASSESSMENT PACKAGE USER'S GUIDE. Principal Investigator: Daniel L. Freeman. Desert Research Institute. 1987. A4-155-32.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF TURBULENT REACTING PLUMES. Principal Investigator: P. G. Georgopoulos. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1986. A0-044-32.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SURROGATE KINETIC MECHANISM FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. Principal Investigator: Joseph A. Leone. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1985. A2-042-32.

VISIBILITY MODEL VERIFICATION BY IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES. Principal Investigator: Susan M. Larson. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1984. A2-077-32.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTION. Principal Investigator: Gregory J. McRae. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1982. A5-046-87 and A7-187-30.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED METHODS FOR PREDICTING AIR QUALITY LEVELS IN THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Melvin D. Zeldin. Technology Service Corporation. 1979. A6-192-30.

MODEL OF ADVECTION, DIFFUSION AND CHEMISTRY OF AIR POLLUTION (MADCAP) EVALUATED AT SAN DIEGO AIR BASIN. Science Applications, Inc. 1978. A6-210-30 and A5-041-80.

POINT SOURCE MODEL EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY. Principal Investigator: Allan Fabrick. Science Applications Inc. 1977. A5-058-87.

Monitoring

HOURLY, IN-SITU QUANTITATION OR ORGANIC AEROSOL MARKER COMPOUNDS. Principal Investigator: Dr. Allen H.Goldstein.  University of California, Berkeley. 2008. 03-324.

KEEPING TAHOE BLUE THROUGH ATMOSPHERIC ASSESSMENT: AIRCRAFT AND BOAT MEASUREMENTS OF AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY NEAR AND ON LAKE TAHOE. Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. University of California, Davis. 2004. 01-326.

CALIFORNIA REGIONAL PM10/PM2.5 AIR QUALITY STUDY 1995 INTEGRATED MONITORING STUDY DATA ANALYSIS. Principal Investigator: Charles L. Blanchard. Envair. 1998. 97-1PM.

LOSS OF PARTICLE NITRATE FROM TEFLON SAMPLING FILTERS: EFFECTS ON MEASURED GRAVIMETRIC MASS.  Principal Investigator: Lowell. L. Ashbaugh. University of California, Davis. 1998. 96-305.

Objectives:  To prepare a comprehensive review of existing data that assesses the magnitude of nitrate volatilization losses resulting from sampling on Teflon filters and quantify the corresponding bias in gravimetric mass determination resulting from nitrate loss.

Findings:  The investigators identified several existing data sets that could be used to quantify the magnitude of nitrate loss from the filter-based mass measurements.  The measured nitrate loss was also examined using the theory of Zhang and McMurray.  Their model predicts nitrate loss based on the mass that must be evaporated from the filter to achieve the saturation vapor pressure immediately downstream of the filter.  Results of this study imply potentially significant nitrate loss when using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s reference method for PM2.5, because it uses Teflon filters for gravimetric mass determination.  The systematic bias in this sampling method is likely to result in a bias in recommended control strategies.  If the measured mass is under-represented by the nitrate in the atmosphere, other sources of particulate matter will be over-represented.  Thus, control strategies developed from the biased data will tend to overemphasize controls on nonvolatile species.  More importantly, control strategies developed in this way may be less effective in reducing particulate matter concentrations.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Systematic biases exist in the quantification of airborne particle concentrations by gravimetric determination.  Many studies have shown that particulate nitrates, one of the main components of fine particle pollution in California, are easily volatilized from Teflon filters.  The results of this study will help clarify the problems associated with the use of Teflon filters and aid in developing control strategies for particulate matter.

MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF PM10 AND PM2.5 EMISSIONS FROM PAVED ROADS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Akula Venkatram. University of California, Riverside.1998. 94-336.

Objectives:  To review and assess the validity of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-recommended equations and various published methods of measuring or estimating paved road dust emission rates as applied to California conditions.  Also, to develop and validate a better physical-process-driven roadway dispersion model, based on micrometeorological principles, if existing methods were judged to be inadequate.

Findings: The study found that the equations recommended by the U.S. EPA (and currently used in emissions inventories in California) are not physically correct and their outputs are not well correlated with actual emissions as reported in published literature or as measured on various roadways in the Riverside area during this study.  In addition, the study concluded that the current methodology cannot simply be revised or adjusted to generate more reliable emissions estimates.  When applying the new emissions measurement methodology developed during this study, the investigators also found that uncertainties in filter-based short-duration upwind-downwind particle measurements are too large to accurately discern the PM10 concentration changes due to emissions from paved roads against the background of urban PM10.  Results indicate that further study of the physical processes controlling paved road dust emissions are needed to identify the factors affecting actual roadway emissions rates.  These underlying causal elements must be determined before effective emissions measurement techniques can be developed to complement new theoretical treatments.

Importance to ARB's Program: Results from this study provided the ARB with a comprehensive assessment on the reliability of current methods for determining paved road emissions and accuracy of existing data based on these methods.   Although the project was not able to provide a way to restructure inventory procedures for estimating PM10 and PM2.5 emissions more realistically, it was able to determine that current methodologies do not adequately account for local variables. This study was not designed to gather data from enough roadway environments to identify those variables. Therefore, further research and evaluation are needed before revised emissions inventory methods that will facilitate updating the statewide paved road emissions inventory can be developed and locations and conditions that result in the highest emissions can be specified.

AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS IN SUPPORT OF THE NOAA 2-D LIDAR DEMONSTRATION.  Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. University of California, Davis. 1997. 94-320.

Objectives:  To collect air pollution and meteorological data, including concentrations of ozone, aerosols, and oxides of nitrogen, by aircraft in August 1995 during a transport corridor monitoring program in southern California's Mojave Desert.  To validate ozone data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using lidar (light detecting and ranging) equipment.

Findings:  The measurements by aircraft were matched in time and place and compared with ozone measurements by the lidar.  The aircraft measurements indicated a problem with the ozone measurements by NOAA's lidar.  Further investigation by NOAA identified heat-induced distortion of the scanning mirror as the primary cause of the inaccurate ozone measurements.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Data on air quality and meteorological conditions aloft are critical for a good understanding of air pollution transport, carryover, and recirculation.  These factors are important in the evaluation of the performance of photochemical air quality models and the design of effective ozone control strategies.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR MONITORING AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS. AeroVironment, Inc. 995. 92-306.

Objectives: To develop an oxygenated hydrocarbon (OHC) monitoring method suitable for regional monitoring programs.  OHCs are important compounds in the photochemistry of pollutants and their emissions are expected to increase as reformulated gasolines and alcohol fuels become more widely used.  It is important that a monitoring program for these compounds be established to assist in developing control strategies.

Findings:  Routine analysis of some OHCs is possible using the developed methodology.  More research is needed to improve the range of OHCs detected by the method and to fine-tune the analytical portion of the method.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This study produced a method available for use by the ARB for regional monitoring programs for OHCs.  This study fulfills requirements of the California and Federal Clean Air Acts for monitoring possible toxic air contaminants and ozone-forming compounds.

DEMONSTRATION THE CAPABILITY OF A NEW AND INNOVATIVE OZONE LIDAR' TO MEASURE VERTICAL PROFILES  OF OZONE CONCENTRATION AND AEROSOL IN THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE. Principal Investigator: Yanzeng Zhao. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Wave Propagation Laboratory.1994. 92-328.

Objectives:  To evaluate ozone light detecting and ranging (lidar) technology as a method of measuring ozone concentrations at elevations of up to 10,000 feet and, in conjunction with other measurements, to better characterize the atmospheric processes involved in the formation of ozone.

Findings:  Evaluations of the data indicate that lidar is a good method of measuring ozone concentrations aloft, and that the ozone and aerosol profiles are associated with similar meteorological profiles.  Ozone lidar can provide continuous measurements of ozone concentrations aloft.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This project demonstrated that continuous measurements of ozone concentrations aloft are very useful for the assessment of ozone transport between air basins, as required by the California Clean Air Act.

REMOTE SENSING AND IN-USE EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES. Principal Investigator: Donald H. Stedman. University of Denver. 1994. A032-093.

Objectives:  To test the University of Denver remote sensor for measuring instantaneous on-road emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from motor vehicles, and to use it in various on-road situations.

Findings:  The remote sensor is accurate to within about 5 percent for carbon monoxide and 15 percent for hydrocarbons.  It was highly successful in identifying high-emitting vehicles for roadside inspections, with a misidentification rate of less than 0.5 percent.  This project successfully measured emissions and matched registration records of over 90,000 vehicles.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The ARB and the Bureau of Automotive Repair evaluated the potential of remote sensors to identify high-emitting vehicles to improve the inspection and maintenance program for light-duty vehicles as required by the Federal Clean Air Act.

AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENT OF OZONE AND METEOROLOGICAL VARIABLES OVER THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY. Principal Investigator: John J. Carroll. University of California, Davis. 1993. 92-330.

Objectives: To measure ozone concentrations up to 10,000 feet by aircraft.  These data serve as a reference measurement against which concentrations by light detecting and ranging (lidar) technology will be compared (contract no. 92-328).  The lidar technology, if accurate, could provide more information about ozone concentrations aloft easily and routinely.

Findings:  Although concentrations were generally below 10 pphm (the state standard is 9 pphm), initial results indicate agreement between the two measurement methods.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Data on ozone concentrations aloft are needed to support the assessment of ozone transport required by the California Clean Air Act.

COMPOSITION AND CONCENTRATIONS OF SEMI-VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS. Principal Investigator: Dr. Barbara Zielinska. Desert Research Institute.1992. A032-130.

Objectives: To identify types and quantify ambient concentrations of semi-volatile hydrocarbons (those composed of more than 10 carbon atoms) typical of areas dominated by auto emissions, oil processing emissions, and urban emissions.  Standard methods for determining hydrocarbon concentrations do not measure in the semi-volatile range, possibly leading to a significant underestimation of ambient concentrations.

Findings: Up to 18 percent of the total hydrocarbons identified were compounds composed of between 10 and 12 carbon atoms.  This indicates that accurate ambient measurements must analyze these hydrocarbons to avoid a significant underestimation of ambient concentrations.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results were used to identify the accuracy of ambient measurements and emissions inventories of hydrocarbons.  Hydrocarbons are a key precursor of ozone, and their control is required by the California and Federal Clean Air Acts.

DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM SELECTED SOURCES IN CALIFORNIA.  Principal Investigator: James E. Houck. OMNI Environmental Services, Inc. 1989. A6-175-32.

Objectives: To determine the size distribution and chemical composition of particles directly emitted from selected sources: agricultural burning, soils, crude oil combustion, diesel trucks, paved and unpaved roads, residential wood combustion, sand and cinder storage dust, and unpaved urban areas.

Findings: Chemical profiles were developed for each of the sources in seven particle size categories and total suspended particulate.  Chemical analyses were conducted for 43 different chemical species.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The results of this study were used to relate source contributions to measured particulate concentrations in the atmosphere to provide insight into the environmental and human health impacts of specific sources, and for attainment of the State and Federal ambient air quality standards for particulate pollution (PM10).

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY:  SCAQS SAMPLER CHEMISTRY.  Combustion Engineering Environmental, Inc.1989. A5-186-32.

Objectives: To document the methods and procedures used to collect and verify the data collected with the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) sampler.

Findings: The SCAQS sampler measured nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, total suspended nitrate, PM2.5 and PM10 mass, ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, chloride, various elements, organic and elemental carbon, and light absorption by fine particles.  Suspect data were identified based on pre-established acceptance criteria and appropriately flagged in the SCAQS database.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  This project's report can be used in the analysis of data collected by the SCAQS samplers and in appropriate interpretation of the results.

CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY AT CITRUS COLLEGE. Principal Investigator: R. A. Rasmussen. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon. 1987. A6-042-32.

METHODS COMPARISON MEASUREMENTS DURING THE CARBONACEOUS SPECIES METHODS COMPARISON STUDY GLENDORA, CA, AUGUST 1986: TUNABLE DIODE LASER ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS OF HCHO, H2O2 AND HNO3. Principal Investigator: G. I. Mackay. Unisearch Associates Inc. 1987. A5-189-32.

SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLERS FOR PARTICULATE MONITORING IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Walter John. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1981. A9-116-30.

HYDROCARBON SAMPLING METHODS FOR SOURCE SAMPLING. Principal Investigator:Thomas J. Kehoe. Beckman Instruments, Inc. 1980. A7-124-30.

THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TEST RESULTS OF A SMALL CENTRIFUGE AEROSOL SPECTROMETER FOR FINE PARTICULATE. Principal Investigator: Paul L. Anderson. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp, CA. 1973. 2-290.

ANALYSIS OF PEROXYBENZOYL NITRATE IN SMOG. Principal Investigator: Edgar R. Stephens. University of California, Riverside. 1972. 3-039-1.

CYCLOTRON ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Riverside. 1972. PCA-038.

Particulate Matter

USING SINGLE PARTICLE MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SHIP EMISSIONS TO AMBIENT PM IN LA JOLLA, CA. Principal Investigator: Kimberly Prather. University of California, San Diego. 2008. 04-347 and 05-346.

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF FINE AND ULTRAFINE PARTICLES IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Dr. Michael J. Kleeman. University of California, Davis. 2007. 01-306.

ANALYSES OF PM RELATED MEASUREMENTS FOR THE IMPACTS OF SHIPS. Principal Investigator: Philip K. Hopke. Clarkson University, NY. 2006. 04-326.

INITIAL EXPLORATION OF ADVANCED DATA ANALYSIS METHODS TO ASSIST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT. Principal Investigator: Philip K. Hopke. Clarkson University, NY. 2005. 01-348.

OPERATION OF SMPS AND LOW TEMPERATURE TEOM IN LOCATIONS OF THE USC CHILDREN'S HEALTH STUDY (CHS) AND THE LOS ANGELES SUPERSITE. Principal Investigator: Constantinos Sioutas, Sc.D., University of Southern California, 2005. 01-300.

OXYGENATED ORGANICS IN GAS AND FINE PARTICLE DIESEL EMISSIONS FOR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT. Principal Investigator: Chris A. Jakober. University of California, Davis. 2005. 00-318

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER. Principal Investigator: Charles L. Blanchard. Envair. 2003. 00-304.

REVIEW OF SOURCE APPORTIONMENT TECHNIQUES FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER. Principal Investigator: Michael J. Kleeman. University of California, Davis. 2003. 00-332.

THERMODYNAMICS OF ORGANIC ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. Principal Investigator: John H. Seinfeld. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 2002. 98-314.

AEROSOL TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY (ATOFMS) AS A REAL TIME MONITOR OF INDIVIDUAL AEROSOL PARTICLES IN FIELD STUDIES. Principal Investigator: Prof.Kimberly A. Prather. University of California, Riverside. 2001. 95-305.

NEAR-SOURCE MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA CONCENTRATIONS IN CALIFORNIA: PILOT STUDY. Principal Investigator: Britt A. Holmen. University of California, Davis. 2001. 98-348.

A STUDY OF AMBIENT AEROSOLS IN THE OWENS VALLEY AREA. Principal Investigator: John B. Barone. University of California, Davis. 1979. A7-178-30.

Reactivity

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAPRC-07 CHEMICAL MECHANISM AND UPDATED OZONE REACTIVITY SCALES. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. 2007. 03-318

ASSESSMENT OF THE OZONE AND AEROSOL FORMATION POTENTIALS (REACTIVITIES) OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OVER THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. Principal Investigator: Amir Hakami. 2003. 00-339

DEVELOPMENT OF REACTIVITY SCALES VIA 3-D GRID MODELING OF CALIFORNIA OZONE EPISODES. Principal Investigator: Philip Martien. University of California, Berkeley. 2002. 98-309.

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF IMPROVED METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OZONE FORMATION POTENTIALS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 2002. 97-314.

DOCUMENTATION OF THE SAPRC-99 CHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR VOC REACTIVITY ASSESSMENT. Principal Investigator: William P.L.Carter. University of California, Riverside. 2000. 92-329 and 95-308.

Volume I

Volume II

UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES OF CHEMICAL MECHANISMS DERIVED FROM ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER DATA.  Principal Investigator: Lihua Wang. University of California, Riverside.2000. 95-331.

Objectives:  To determine the environmental chamber parameters and assumptions -- used in interpreting chamber data -- that contribute the most to the uncertainty in the atmospheric reactivity estimates for several important aromatic and oxygenated hydrocarbons.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Better-designed chamber experiments leading to more certain reactivity estimates will result from this project.  The more certain reactivity estimates will improve atmospheric chemistry mechanisms used in the reactivity scale for the ARB's Low-Emission Vehicle/Clean Fuels regulations and the photochemical airshed models used for development of California's plans for implementation of Federal emission and air quality requirements for ozone, and assist in the development of consumer products regulations.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERIC REACTIVITIES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.  Principal Investigator: William P. L. Carter. University of California, Riverside. 1995. A032-096.

Objectives:  To conduct a comprehensive set of environmental chamber experiments to develop and test chemical mechanisms and evaluate hydrocarbon reactivity.  A parallel project was funded by the Coordinating Research Council (the research arm of the auto and oil industries) to cover equipment costs and conduct experiments on hydrocarbons of interest to their industries.

Findings:  There are still uncertainties in the chemical mechanisms for various hydrocarbons, but previous experimental techniques can result in compensating errors that mask the effects of these uncertainties in calculations of ambient reactivity.  This project produced stringent tests of the chemical mechanisms.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The results were used to update the chemical mechanism that is part of the airshed models used for developing California's plans for implementation of Federal emission and air quality requirements, and for performing the update to the maximum incremental reactivity scale required by the Board's Low-Emission Vehicles and Clean Fuels regulations.

EVALUATION OF HYDROCARBON REACTIVITIES FOR USE IN CONTROL STRATEGIES. Principal Investigator: Dr. Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 1983. A0-105-32.

Toxic Air Contaminants

RESUSPENSION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL AS A SOURCE OF AIRBORNE LEAD. Principal Investigator: Thomas M. Young. University of California, Davis. 2001. 97-325.

LIFETIMES AND FATES OF TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE.  Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 1997. 93-307.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to provide the ARB with data concerning the atmospheric fate of about 200 compounds and to determine atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for which the State has established cancer risk factors.

Findings: In general, the PAH concentrations measured were significantly below those measured in the 1986-1987 study.  However, some nitro-PAHs (formed as the result of reactions in the atmosphere) had levels similar to those previously observed.  The final report for this project also reviews the sources of nitro-PAHs and includes data on ambient levels in California and suggested routes of formation.  Several nitro-PAHs of unknown cancer risk are found at relatively high levels compared to those that have been assigned cancer risk factors.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Atmospheric persistence is an important factor for the ARB to consider to ensure that airborne toxic control efforts will focus on those compounds that represent the greatest public health threat.  With the results of this study, the ARB now has information on the levels of all the PAHs and nitro-PAHs for which the State has determined cancer risk factors, so that the overall public health risk due to exposure to these compounds can be calculated.

FORMATION OF MUTAGENS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC PHOTO-OXIDATIONS OF PAHs AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN AMBIENT AIR. Principal Investigator: Janet Arey. University of California, Riverside. 1994. A132-075.

Objectives: To chemically identify the compounds that are responsible for much of the cell mutation capability (mutagenicity) of ambient air in smoggy areas. Previous research suggested that a particular class of compounds formed from atmospheric reactions of directly emitted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be responsible for a large portion of this mutagenicity.

Findings: This study has determined the distribution of mutagenicity that results from the atmospheric reactions of PAH compounds that are abundant in California's air.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The ARB plans to identify PAHs as a toxic air contaminant category, pursuant to the Health and Safety Code. Data from this study will provide a basis for determining the effects of various PAH control options on the mutagenicity of ambient air.

LIFETIMES AND FATES OF TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California, Riverside. 1993. A032-055.

Objectives: To review the atmospheric lifetimes of several potential toxic air contaminants (TACs), to provide possible atmospheric formation routes and atmospheric breakdown routes and products for these pollutants, and to investigate the mutagenicity of products of simulated atmospheric reactions of gasoline and of terpenes (terpenes are emitted from vegetation).

Findings: The atmospheric lifetimes, fates, and formation routes of three TACs, N-nitrosomorpholine, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), and dialkylnitrosamines, were reviewed in detail. Eleven of 23 additional TACs reviewed were found to have lifetimes exceeding a day. For several TACs, atmospheric levels are determined more by their formation in the atmosphere than by their direct emission. Finally, gasoline and terpenes were determined to not be significant sources of the mutagenicity found in ambient air.

Importance to ARB’s Program: California's Health and Safety Code requires the ARB to prepare a report that addresses the stability, persistence, transformation products, and dispersion potential of each toxic air contaminant in ambient air. This study provides needed information in these areas for several TACs. The finding that many TACs are formed in the atmosphere will help the ARB develop appropriate control strategies. Knowing which TACs persist will help guide appropriate ambient air monitoring methods development.

HYDROXYNITRO-PAHs AND OTHER DERIVATIVES IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO AMBIENT MUTAGENICITY. University of California, Riverside. 1991. A732-154.

Objectives: To identify airborne derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that contribute to mutagenicity. PAHs are emitted from combustion sources and are transformed to various other chemical compounds by photochemical processes. The resulting derivatives are believed to be responsible for much of the mutagenicity of ambient air.

Findings: A hitherto unsuspected class of PAH derivatives, nitro-lactones, was found to be responsible for most of the mutagenicity of the products formed from irradiation of simple PAHs in a smog chamber. Much of the mutagenicity of ambient air appears to be due to this class of compounds.

mportance to ARB’s Program: PAHs and their atmospheric reaction products have been associated with significant health risks. ARB's strategy to control PAH emissions as toxic air contaminants is being redefined as a result of these findings.

LIFETIMES AND FATES OF TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE. University of California, Riverside.1990. A732-107.

Objectives: To review the atmospheric chemistry of eight candidate toxic air contaminants (TACs), and to pursue an experimental investigation of the atmospheric chemistry of four candidate TACs.

Findings: The atmospheric lifetimes and fates of a dozen candidate toxic air contaminants were determined.

Importance to ARB’s Program: Before proposing emission controls for TACs, the ARB must prepare a report that addresses the stability, persistence, and transformation products of toxic air contaminants in the atmosphere. The results of this work are being incorporated into staff reports for the identification and control of these TACs.

METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR ASSESSMENT OF VAPOR-PHASE MUTAGENS AND CARCINOGENS IN AMBIENT AIR. University of California, Davis. 1990. A6-174-32.

Objectives: To develop methods of identifying potentially toxic and mutagenic compounds in the gaseous (vapor) phase of ambient air.

Findings: The feasibility of a new system to chemically characterize a complex volatile mixture was demonstrated and applied to diesel bus exhaust. Results indicated that mutagenic activity in vapor-phase exhaust gases was greater than that in particulate phase exhaust.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The Health and Safety Code requires the ARB to identify toxic air contaminants. The methods developed in this project will help the ARB determine which vapor-phase compounds are the most important candidate toxic air contaminants.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AIR QUALITY STUDY: TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS, TASK 1.  Daniel Grosjean and Associates. 1990. A832-152.

Objectives: To determine the ambient concentrations and trends of two chlorinated hydrocarbons -- CH3CCl3 (trichloroethane) and C2Cl4 (perchloroethylene) -- from data obtained during the 1987 Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). These compounds are generally used as solvents for dry cleaning and inert fillers for pesticides and are recognized as toxic air contaminants in California.

Findings: Ambient concentrations were lowest at the background site on San Nicolas Island. Concentrations measured at other sites compared to those at San Nicolas Island showed that there are urban emissions of these compounds. Diurnal variations were more pronounced in the summer than in the fall.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This database can be used by the ARB to better understand spatial and temporal variations in these compounds, and to develop control measures for these TACs. This database is useful for monitoring compliance toward California standards for these TACs.

EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANTS PHASE I. Principal Investigator: Michael B. Rogozen. Science Applications International Corporation. 1987. A4-131-32.

LIFETIMES AND FATES OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE. Principal Investigator: Arthur M. Winer. University of California, Riverside. 1987. A5-104-32.

CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS IN AMBIENT AIR PARTICULATE MATTER: SOURCES AND TRENDS IN CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Principal Investigator: P. Flessel. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1985. A1-162-32.

FORMATION AND FATE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN CALIFORNIA'S ATMOSPHERE. Principal Investigator: James N. Pitts, Jr. University of California, Riverside. 1984. A2-115-32.

FORMALDEHYDE: A SURVEY OF AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS AND SOURCES. Principal Investigators: Michael B. Rogozen & Richard A. Ziskind. Science Applications, Inc. CA. 1984. A2-059-32.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF LIGHT DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES ON SOILING IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: R. F. Sawyer. Sawyer Associates, Berkeley. 1982. A2-064-32.

ASBESTOS FIBERS IN AMBIENT AIR OF CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Jack C. Murchio. University of California, Berkeley. 1973. ARB-4-054-1

Transport

CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT OF NITROGEN OXIDES ON THE WESTERN SLOPES OF THE SIERRA NEVADA MOUNTAINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAKE TAHOE. Principal Investigator: Ronald C. Cohen. University of California, Berkeley. 2005. 02-331

TRACKING THE SACRAMENTO POLLUTANT PLUME OVER THE WESTERN SIERRA NEVADA.  University of California, Davis.1998. 94-334.

Objectives:  To make three-dimensional measurements of Sacramento's pollutant plume on seven days when the plume was advected into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

Findings: The implications from the data collected are that (1) it appears that high residual ozone concentrations above the surface layer in the early morning are necessary for the production of concentrations above 125 ppb (the national 1-hr standard), (2) modeling applications have had difficulty simulating the transport and fate of pollutant emissions, in part because the horizontal variability within the mixed layer is often significant at scales less than 5 km (the typical grid size of air quality models), (3) high concentrations of ozone do not appear to reach the high altitude slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and (4) concentrations of oxides of nitrogen were generally low, about one ppb.

Importance to ARB's Program: Further analysis of the data from this study will lead to improved air monitoring networks. Data from these networks will be used for quantifying transport from the greater Sacramento area, for assessing ecological impacts of air pollution on the Sierra Nevada, and for improving the performance of the meteorological and air quality models that are used to quantify the reductions in emissions that will be necessary in order to attain air quality standards.

MONITORING IN OZONE TRANSPORT CORRIDORS. Technical and Business Systems.1997. 94-316.

Objectives:  To collect ozone and meteorological data during the summer of 1995 at eight sites that supplement the existing air quality monitoring network in southern California to enable better characterization of ozone transport between air basins, both near ground level and aloft.

Findings:  Although the primary objective of this project was to collect data, some data analysis was also included.  The findings indicate that monitoring on isolated mountain peaks can be used to represent conditions aloft in free air.  During the study period, none of the exceedences of the California ozone standard that were observed at Barstow could be ascribed to local emissions.  On Santa Catalina Island a surprisingly high number of exceedences of the California ozone standard were observed.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The California Clean Air Act requires the ARB to assess the relative contribution of upwind emissions to downwind ambient ozone concentrations, to establish mitigation requirements commensurate with the level of contribution, and to conduct appropriate studies (including ambient air monitoring) to make a more accurate determination of the relative contributions to an ozone air quality problem.  The data collected during this field program, when combined with other routinely available and special study data, will result in the most comprehensive analysis ever (horizontally, vertically, and temporally) of the relative contribution of local emissions and ozone transport to the ozone problem in the Mojave Desert.  The measurements at Santa Catalina Island strongly influenced the design of the monitoring network for the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study (SCOS97-NARSTO).

METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR THE ARB'S 1995 OZONE TRANSPORT CORRIDOR EXPERIMENT: A 449-MHz RADAR WIND PROFILER SYSTEM WITH RASS. Principal Investigator: Daniel E. Wolfe. Environmental Technology Laboratory, Colorado. 1996. 94-322.

Objectives: To characterize vertical profiles of wind and temperature in the Mojave Desert near Victorville, California, to about 10,000 feet using a 449-MHz radar wind profiler (RWP) in conjunction with a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS).  Data for winds aloft are necessary for the calculation of ozone fluxes.  NOAA's RWP was modified to improve resolution to under 100 meters to better match ozone data from their two-dimensional light detecting and ranging (lidar) equipment.

Findings:  Although high-quality data can be gathered in the presence of radio frequency interference, care must be taken during site selection and data processing.  Wind data collected during the two-week study showed consistent periods of southwesterly winds, indicating frequent potential for ozone transport through Cajon Pass.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  Wind data representing conditions aloft, combined with data from two-dimensional lidar technology, allowed direct calculation of ozone fluxes, an important step in characterizing ozone transport as required by the California Clean Air Act.

GENERATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND TRANSPORT OF OWENS (DRY) LAKE DUSTS. Principal Investigator: Thomas A. Cahill. University of California, Davis.1994. A132-105.

Objectives: To identify the mechanisms of dust generation on the dry Owens Lake bed in Inyo County, the largest source of fugitive PM10 in the country.  The project is in support of work funded by the California State Lands Commission to identify, test, and establish dust mitigation strategies for the lake bed.

Findings: The dust is generated by sand particles bouncing over the surface, ejecting small particles of dry salt crust into the air.

Importance to ARB’s Program: A mitigation strategy was developed to halt the progress of wind-blown sand in support of the PM10 reductions mandated by the Federal Clean Air Act.

A MULTI-YEAR OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT CORRIDORS AND PROCESSES IN CALIFORNIA. Environmental Technology Laboratory, Colorado.1994. A032-145.

Objectives: To collect vertical profiles of wind speed, wind direction, and, in some locations, temperature data during the summers of 1991 and 1992 in areas where pollutants can be transported by winds from one air basin to another.

Findings: The data indicate almost continuous airflow between the air basin pairs studied.  Supplemental data also indicate that thermally forced airflows in mountainous terrain can play a significant role in the recirculation and transport of pollutants.

Importance to ARB’s Program: The data were used in the assessment of pollutant transport between air basins and in assigning appropriate control responsibilities in partial fulfillment of the California Clean Air Act requirements.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN OBJECTIVE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR BAY AREA AIRFLOW TYPES REPRESENTING OZONE-RELATED SOURCE-RECEPTOR RELATIONSHIPS. Principal Investigator: Till E. Stoeckenius. Systems Applications, Inc.1993. A132-167.

Objectives:  To develop a straightforward and accurate classification scheme for the various source-receptor relationships found for ozone formation in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Findings:  High ozone concentrations were associated with six airflow types.  A meteorological screening procedure was used to segregate all days into clean days and days with potentially high ozone concentrations.  Then a classification procedure based on 13 meteorological variables was developed to assign the days with potentially high ozone concentrations to one of the six air flow types.

Importance to ARB’s Program:  The classification scheme developed in this study was used to develop factors that can account for the influence of meteorology on ambient ozone concentrations.  Removal of this confounding meteorological influence will improve the ability of the ARB and air pollution control districts to evaluate the effectiveness of control plans and strategies.

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF OZONE AND OZONE PRECURSOR TRANSPORT IN SELECTED AREAS OF CALIFORNIA.  Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1992. A932-129.

Objectives:  To determine the characteristics of ozone transport within four selected areas of California, and to identify, relative to locally emitted pollutants, the contribution of transported pollutants to ozone violations in each downwind area.  The project concentrated on the broader Sacramento area (BSA), the upper Sacramento Valley (USV), the north central coast air basin (NCC), the southeast desert air basin (SEDAB), and the Imperial County portion of the SEDAB.

Findings: Local and transport violation days were recorded in the USV area, but for the monitoring dates in the study there were no overwhelming transport effects.  Local and transport violation days were recorded in the BSA area upwind of the central business district (CBD), but at the CBD itself local emissions dominated.  In the NCC, Carmel's only violation day was local, while Hollister and Pinnacles violation days were due to local sources and transported ozone.  The San Bernardino portion of the SEDAB is dominated by transport from the south coast air basin with some contribution from the San Joaquin Valley.  Ozone violation days in Imperial County were dominated by local emissions.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This study helped satisfy the California Clean Air Act requirement to identify air basins whose emissions contribute to violations of the ozone standard in downwind air basins.

IMPACTS OF CHANGES IN PRECURSOR EMISSIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA ON OZONE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL COAST AND SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY AIR BASINS.Systems Applications, Inc.1991. A932-133.

Objectives: To examine the effect of  reductions in emissions from all sources in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) on ozone levels in the north central coast (NCC) and San Joaquin Valley (SJV) air basins.

Findings: Air quality model calculations indicated that elimination of SFBA emissions could significantly reduce ozone concentrations in the NCC and SJV during meteorological conditions that are conducive to transport. However, despite apparently large decreases in SFBA emissions, no statistically significant ozone trends were observed in the SFBA or the downwind basins over the 1979 to 1988 period.

Importance to ARB’s Program: This study in part satisfied the California Clean Air Act requirement for identification of air basins where emissions contribute to violations of the ozone standard in downwind air basins.

POLLUTANT TRANSPORT STUDY: BAY AREA TO NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Joyce E. Penner. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 1988. A3-078-32.

ASSESSMENT OF AEROSOL TRANSPORT INTO THE MOJAVE DESERT. Principal Investigator: Leonard O. Myrup. University of California, Davis. 1986. A1-153-32.

OZONE TRANSPORT IN THE NORTH CENTRAL COAST AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: Walter F. Dabberdt. SRI International. 1983. A9-143-31.

THE IMPACT OF TRANSPORT FROM THE SOUTH COAST AIR BASIN ON OZONE LEVELS IN THE SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith. Meteorology Research Inc. 1983. A0-145-32.

Volume I

Volume II

Volume III

Volume IV

APPLICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACER TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE THE TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION ASSOCIATED WITH THE LAND-BREEZE MOVEMENT OF AIR OVER THE LOS ANGELES COASTAL ZONE. Principal Investigator: Fredrick H. Shair. Institute of Technology California. 1982. A6-202-32 and A6-202-30.

  • Abstract
  • Resnote

Volume I

Volume II

Volume III

THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS ALONG THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COASTAL REGION. Principal Investigator: Fredrick H. Shair. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1982. A1-147-32.

ATMOSPHERIC TRACER STUDIES TO CHARACTERIZE THE TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE CALIFORNIA DELTA REGION. Principal Investigator: Fredrick H. Shair. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1977. A5-065-87.

Volume I

Volume II Part A

Volume II Part B

THE CHEMISTRY, DISPERSION, AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA: DATA ANALYSIS AND EMISSION IMPACT MODEL. Principal Investigator: Mei-Kao Liu. Systems Applications Incorporation. 1976. ARB-4-258.

THE CHEMISTRY, DISPERSION, AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA: GROUND LEVEL POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS. Principal Investigator: L. Willard Richards. Rockwell International. 1976. ARB-3-916.

THE CHEMISTRY, DISPERSION, AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE SAMPLES FOR SULFATE, NITRATE AND TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION. Principal Investigator: B. R. Appel. Department of Health Services, Berkeley. 1976. ARB-3-948.

LOS ANGELES TO VENTURA OVER WATER OZONE TRANSPORT STUDY. Principal Investigator:Erwin K. Kauper. Metro Monitoring Services. 1975. ARB-4-1126.

Volume I

Volume II

THE CHEMISTRY, DISPERSION, AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: Fredrick H. Shair. Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA. 1975. ARB-3-915.

THE CHEMISTRY, DISPERSION, AND TRANSPORT OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA: AIRBORNE POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS. Principal Investigator: T. B. Smith. Meteorology Research, Inc. 1975. ARB-3-929.

Visibility

MODELING AEROSOL PROCESSES AND VISIBILITY BASED ON THE SCAQS DATA.California Institute of Technology.1992. A932-054.

Objectives: To identify the factors that influence the equilibrium distribution of pollutant materials between gas and aerosol phases. (An aerosol is a gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles.) To evaluate the relationships between ambient aerosol composition and visibility deterioration in the South Coast Air Basin. The data from the Southern California Air Quality Study of 1987 (SCAQS) were used to address these issues.

Findings: It was shown that it is possible to maintain a network of monitoring sites that can be used to track the effect of pollutant properties on visibility.

Importance to ARB’s Program: In fulfillment of the California Clean Air Act of 1988, this project provided important information with respect to air quality problems related to visibility-reducing particles.

ANALYSIS OF VISIBILITY / AEROSOL RELATIONSHIPS AND VISIBILITY MODELING / MONITORING ALTERNATIVES FOR CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: John Trijonis. Santa Fe Research Corporation. 1982. A9-103-31.

VISIBILITY IN CALIFORNIA. Principal Investigator: John Trijonis. Technology Service Corporation. 1980. A7-181-30.

Volatile Organic Compound

STUDIES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND OF THEIR ATMOSPHERIC REACTION PRODUCTS. Principal Investigator: Roger Atkinson. University of California Riverside. 2004. 99-330

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOTAL NON-METHANE ORGANIC CARBON AND THE SUM OF THE SPECIATED HYDROCARBONS AND CARBONYLS. Principal Investigator: Suzanne Paulson. University of California Los Angeles. 2002. 98-323

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CALIFORNIA PAMS AND LONG TERM TREND SITE VOC DATA (1990-1997). Principal Investigator: Hilary H. Main. Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1999. STI-998241-1883-FR

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR CALIFORNIA. 1985. A0-101-32.

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